The Image of sphere under the map $f: (x,y,z) to (x^2,y^2,z^2,sqrt{2}yz, sqrt{2}zx, sqrt{2}xy)$ and...












2












$begingroup$


I'm going to take a course about diferentiable manifolds next semester and I'm preparing for it by solving some of the problems from the book An Introduction to Differential Manifolds by D. Barden and C. Thomas. My understanding of the material is very rudimentary, I'm just memorizing the definitions and the theorems so far without reading their proofs. So, please post only the solutions that use the basic definitions and theorems.



Show that the image of $S^2 subset mathbb{R}^3$ under the map $f: (x,y,z) to (x^2,y^2,z^2,sqrt{2}yz, sqrt{2}zx, sqrt{2}xy)$ is a submanifold of $mathbb{R}^6$. How does it relate to $mathbb{R}P^2$?



Introducing charts on the $mathrm{Im}(f)mid_{S^2}$ seems not trivial. However, I have made an observation that I think handles the first part.



$$Df=begin{bmatrix}
2x & 0 & 0\
0 & 2y & 0\
0 & 0 & 2z\
0 & sqrt{2}z & sqrt{2}y\
sqrt{2}z & 0 & sqrt{2}x\
sqrt{2}y & sqrt{2}x & 0
end{bmatrix}$$



has constant rank $2$ over $S$ because at least one of the coordinates $x,y,z$ must be non-zero and then I can find a $2times 2$ sub-matrix with non-zero determinant. If necessary, I can first exchange two rows to create this sub-matrix.



I think this shows that the tangent to $mathrm{Im}(f)mid_{S^2}$ is always a plane, so it's a $2$-dimensional manifold in $mathbb{R}^6$. But I don't know how to make my reasoning rigorous.



I think that $mathrm{Im}(f)$ is diffeomoprhic to $mathbb{R}P^2$. Well, at least they have the same dimension. Plus, the image of $f$ is given by a homogeneous polynomial. I don't know how to proceed from here.










share|cite|improve this question









$endgroup$

















    2












    $begingroup$


    I'm going to take a course about diferentiable manifolds next semester and I'm preparing for it by solving some of the problems from the book An Introduction to Differential Manifolds by D. Barden and C. Thomas. My understanding of the material is very rudimentary, I'm just memorizing the definitions and the theorems so far without reading their proofs. So, please post only the solutions that use the basic definitions and theorems.



    Show that the image of $S^2 subset mathbb{R}^3$ under the map $f: (x,y,z) to (x^2,y^2,z^2,sqrt{2}yz, sqrt{2}zx, sqrt{2}xy)$ is a submanifold of $mathbb{R}^6$. How does it relate to $mathbb{R}P^2$?



    Introducing charts on the $mathrm{Im}(f)mid_{S^2}$ seems not trivial. However, I have made an observation that I think handles the first part.



    $$Df=begin{bmatrix}
    2x & 0 & 0\
    0 & 2y & 0\
    0 & 0 & 2z\
    0 & sqrt{2}z & sqrt{2}y\
    sqrt{2}z & 0 & sqrt{2}x\
    sqrt{2}y & sqrt{2}x & 0
    end{bmatrix}$$



    has constant rank $2$ over $S$ because at least one of the coordinates $x,y,z$ must be non-zero and then I can find a $2times 2$ sub-matrix with non-zero determinant. If necessary, I can first exchange two rows to create this sub-matrix.



    I think this shows that the tangent to $mathrm{Im}(f)mid_{S^2}$ is always a plane, so it's a $2$-dimensional manifold in $mathbb{R}^6$. But I don't know how to make my reasoning rigorous.



    I think that $mathrm{Im}(f)$ is diffeomoprhic to $mathbb{R}P^2$. Well, at least they have the same dimension. Plus, the image of $f$ is given by a homogeneous polynomial. I don't know how to proceed from here.










    share|cite|improve this question









    $endgroup$















      2












      2








      2





      $begingroup$


      I'm going to take a course about diferentiable manifolds next semester and I'm preparing for it by solving some of the problems from the book An Introduction to Differential Manifolds by D. Barden and C. Thomas. My understanding of the material is very rudimentary, I'm just memorizing the definitions and the theorems so far without reading their proofs. So, please post only the solutions that use the basic definitions and theorems.



      Show that the image of $S^2 subset mathbb{R}^3$ under the map $f: (x,y,z) to (x^2,y^2,z^2,sqrt{2}yz, sqrt{2}zx, sqrt{2}xy)$ is a submanifold of $mathbb{R}^6$. How does it relate to $mathbb{R}P^2$?



      Introducing charts on the $mathrm{Im}(f)mid_{S^2}$ seems not trivial. However, I have made an observation that I think handles the first part.



      $$Df=begin{bmatrix}
      2x & 0 & 0\
      0 & 2y & 0\
      0 & 0 & 2z\
      0 & sqrt{2}z & sqrt{2}y\
      sqrt{2}z & 0 & sqrt{2}x\
      sqrt{2}y & sqrt{2}x & 0
      end{bmatrix}$$



      has constant rank $2$ over $S$ because at least one of the coordinates $x,y,z$ must be non-zero and then I can find a $2times 2$ sub-matrix with non-zero determinant. If necessary, I can first exchange two rows to create this sub-matrix.



      I think this shows that the tangent to $mathrm{Im}(f)mid_{S^2}$ is always a plane, so it's a $2$-dimensional manifold in $mathbb{R}^6$. But I don't know how to make my reasoning rigorous.



      I think that $mathrm{Im}(f)$ is diffeomoprhic to $mathbb{R}P^2$. Well, at least they have the same dimension. Plus, the image of $f$ is given by a homogeneous polynomial. I don't know how to proceed from here.










      share|cite|improve this question









      $endgroup$




      I'm going to take a course about diferentiable manifolds next semester and I'm preparing for it by solving some of the problems from the book An Introduction to Differential Manifolds by D. Barden and C. Thomas. My understanding of the material is very rudimentary, I'm just memorizing the definitions and the theorems so far without reading their proofs. So, please post only the solutions that use the basic definitions and theorems.



      Show that the image of $S^2 subset mathbb{R}^3$ under the map $f: (x,y,z) to (x^2,y^2,z^2,sqrt{2}yz, sqrt{2}zx, sqrt{2}xy)$ is a submanifold of $mathbb{R}^6$. How does it relate to $mathbb{R}P^2$?



      Introducing charts on the $mathrm{Im}(f)mid_{S^2}$ seems not trivial. However, I have made an observation that I think handles the first part.



      $$Df=begin{bmatrix}
      2x & 0 & 0\
      0 & 2y & 0\
      0 & 0 & 2z\
      0 & sqrt{2}z & sqrt{2}y\
      sqrt{2}z & 0 & sqrt{2}x\
      sqrt{2}y & sqrt{2}x & 0
      end{bmatrix}$$



      has constant rank $2$ over $S$ because at least one of the coordinates $x,y,z$ must be non-zero and then I can find a $2times 2$ sub-matrix with non-zero determinant. If necessary, I can first exchange two rows to create this sub-matrix.



      I think this shows that the tangent to $mathrm{Im}(f)mid_{S^2}$ is always a plane, so it's a $2$-dimensional manifold in $mathbb{R}^6$. But I don't know how to make my reasoning rigorous.



      I think that $mathrm{Im}(f)$ is diffeomoprhic to $mathbb{R}P^2$. Well, at least they have the same dimension. Plus, the image of $f$ is given by a homogeneous polynomial. I don't know how to proceed from here.







      geometry differential-geometry manifolds differential-topology smooth-manifolds






      share|cite|improve this question













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      asked Jan 3 at 22:53









      stressed outstressed out

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          1 Answer
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          $begingroup$

          You are right, $text{Im}(f)$ and $mathbb{R}P^n$ are diffeomorphic.



          Recall that we have a quotient map $p:S^n to mathbb{R}P^n$ which identifies antipodal points. Note that $f$ is constant over the fibers of $p$ so it pass to the quotient, that is, there exists a unique differentiable function $tilde{f} : mathbb{R}P^n to mathbb{R}^6$ such that $tilde{f}circ p = f$.



          Note that $tilde{f}$ is injective so its corestriction $g := tilde{f}|^{text{Im}(f)}:mathbb{R}P^n to text{Im}(f)$ is a bijection. Now, because $mathbb{R}P^n$ is compact and manifolds are Hausdorff spaces we have that $g$ is a homeomorphism and then by the Inverse Function Theorem it is a diffeomorphism.






          share|cite|improve this answer









          $endgroup$













          • $begingroup$
            Thanks. Two questions: is the quotient map smooth? (why?) And doesn't the inverse function theorem give us local diffeomorphism? I don't understand the last part. + how can I make my answer to the first part rigorous? Is it even right?
            $endgroup$
            – stressed out
            Jan 3 at 23:18












          • $begingroup$
            Yes, the quotient map is differentiable by definition because we endow the quotient space with the unique differential structure such that the quotient map is a local diffeomorphism. (Of course, not every quotient of a manifold is a manifold but there are results which says that under very general conditions the quotient is a manifold.)
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:27










          • $begingroup$
            For the second question, well... you have to endow the image of $f$ with a suitable differential structure. For example you can prove that it is a regular (or embedded) submanifold of $mathbb{R}^6$ but this follows from the fact that $f$ is a (topological) embedding and it has maximum constant rank.
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:27








          • 1




            $begingroup$
            Sorry for the confusion. I can not say that $g$ is a diffeomorphism if its codomain does not have a differential structure. But we have a definition of regular/embedded submanifold as the image of a topological embedding that has maximum constant rank and a result following this definition give us the differential structure of such a submanifold. Let me look for a reference.
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:41








          • 1




            $begingroup$
            See Proposition 5.2 in John M. Lee, Introduction to smooth manifolds, Springer, 2013, second edition.
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:53











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          $begingroup$

          You are right, $text{Im}(f)$ and $mathbb{R}P^n$ are diffeomorphic.



          Recall that we have a quotient map $p:S^n to mathbb{R}P^n$ which identifies antipodal points. Note that $f$ is constant over the fibers of $p$ so it pass to the quotient, that is, there exists a unique differentiable function $tilde{f} : mathbb{R}P^n to mathbb{R}^6$ such that $tilde{f}circ p = f$.



          Note that $tilde{f}$ is injective so its corestriction $g := tilde{f}|^{text{Im}(f)}:mathbb{R}P^n to text{Im}(f)$ is a bijection. Now, because $mathbb{R}P^n$ is compact and manifolds are Hausdorff spaces we have that $g$ is a homeomorphism and then by the Inverse Function Theorem it is a diffeomorphism.






          share|cite|improve this answer









          $endgroup$













          • $begingroup$
            Thanks. Two questions: is the quotient map smooth? (why?) And doesn't the inverse function theorem give us local diffeomorphism? I don't understand the last part. + how can I make my answer to the first part rigorous? Is it even right?
            $endgroup$
            – stressed out
            Jan 3 at 23:18












          • $begingroup$
            Yes, the quotient map is differentiable by definition because we endow the quotient space with the unique differential structure such that the quotient map is a local diffeomorphism. (Of course, not every quotient of a manifold is a manifold but there are results which says that under very general conditions the quotient is a manifold.)
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:27










          • $begingroup$
            For the second question, well... you have to endow the image of $f$ with a suitable differential structure. For example you can prove that it is a regular (or embedded) submanifold of $mathbb{R}^6$ but this follows from the fact that $f$ is a (topological) embedding and it has maximum constant rank.
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:27








          • 1




            $begingroup$
            Sorry for the confusion. I can not say that $g$ is a diffeomorphism if its codomain does not have a differential structure. But we have a definition of regular/embedded submanifold as the image of a topological embedding that has maximum constant rank and a result following this definition give us the differential structure of such a submanifold. Let me look for a reference.
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:41








          • 1




            $begingroup$
            See Proposition 5.2 in John M. Lee, Introduction to smooth manifolds, Springer, 2013, second edition.
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:53
















          2












          $begingroup$

          You are right, $text{Im}(f)$ and $mathbb{R}P^n$ are diffeomorphic.



          Recall that we have a quotient map $p:S^n to mathbb{R}P^n$ which identifies antipodal points. Note that $f$ is constant over the fibers of $p$ so it pass to the quotient, that is, there exists a unique differentiable function $tilde{f} : mathbb{R}P^n to mathbb{R}^6$ such that $tilde{f}circ p = f$.



          Note that $tilde{f}$ is injective so its corestriction $g := tilde{f}|^{text{Im}(f)}:mathbb{R}P^n to text{Im}(f)$ is a bijection. Now, because $mathbb{R}P^n$ is compact and manifolds are Hausdorff spaces we have that $g$ is a homeomorphism and then by the Inverse Function Theorem it is a diffeomorphism.






          share|cite|improve this answer









          $endgroup$













          • $begingroup$
            Thanks. Two questions: is the quotient map smooth? (why?) And doesn't the inverse function theorem give us local diffeomorphism? I don't understand the last part. + how can I make my answer to the first part rigorous? Is it even right?
            $endgroup$
            – stressed out
            Jan 3 at 23:18












          • $begingroup$
            Yes, the quotient map is differentiable by definition because we endow the quotient space with the unique differential structure such that the quotient map is a local diffeomorphism. (Of course, not every quotient of a manifold is a manifold but there are results which says that under very general conditions the quotient is a manifold.)
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:27










          • $begingroup$
            For the second question, well... you have to endow the image of $f$ with a suitable differential structure. For example you can prove that it is a regular (or embedded) submanifold of $mathbb{R}^6$ but this follows from the fact that $f$ is a (topological) embedding and it has maximum constant rank.
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:27








          • 1




            $begingroup$
            Sorry for the confusion. I can not say that $g$ is a diffeomorphism if its codomain does not have a differential structure. But we have a definition of regular/embedded submanifold as the image of a topological embedding that has maximum constant rank and a result following this definition give us the differential structure of such a submanifold. Let me look for a reference.
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:41








          • 1




            $begingroup$
            See Proposition 5.2 in John M. Lee, Introduction to smooth manifolds, Springer, 2013, second edition.
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:53














          2












          2








          2





          $begingroup$

          You are right, $text{Im}(f)$ and $mathbb{R}P^n$ are diffeomorphic.



          Recall that we have a quotient map $p:S^n to mathbb{R}P^n$ which identifies antipodal points. Note that $f$ is constant over the fibers of $p$ so it pass to the quotient, that is, there exists a unique differentiable function $tilde{f} : mathbb{R}P^n to mathbb{R}^6$ such that $tilde{f}circ p = f$.



          Note that $tilde{f}$ is injective so its corestriction $g := tilde{f}|^{text{Im}(f)}:mathbb{R}P^n to text{Im}(f)$ is a bijection. Now, because $mathbb{R}P^n$ is compact and manifolds are Hausdorff spaces we have that $g$ is a homeomorphism and then by the Inverse Function Theorem it is a diffeomorphism.






          share|cite|improve this answer









          $endgroup$



          You are right, $text{Im}(f)$ and $mathbb{R}P^n$ are diffeomorphic.



          Recall that we have a quotient map $p:S^n to mathbb{R}P^n$ which identifies antipodal points. Note that $f$ is constant over the fibers of $p$ so it pass to the quotient, that is, there exists a unique differentiable function $tilde{f} : mathbb{R}P^n to mathbb{R}^6$ such that $tilde{f}circ p = f$.



          Note that $tilde{f}$ is injective so its corestriction $g := tilde{f}|^{text{Im}(f)}:mathbb{R}P^n to text{Im}(f)$ is a bijection. Now, because $mathbb{R}P^n$ is compact and manifolds are Hausdorff spaces we have that $g$ is a homeomorphism and then by the Inverse Function Theorem it is a diffeomorphism.







          share|cite|improve this answer












          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer










          answered Jan 3 at 23:13









          Dante GrevinoDante Grevino

          96319




          96319












          • $begingroup$
            Thanks. Two questions: is the quotient map smooth? (why?) And doesn't the inverse function theorem give us local diffeomorphism? I don't understand the last part. + how can I make my answer to the first part rigorous? Is it even right?
            $endgroup$
            – stressed out
            Jan 3 at 23:18












          • $begingroup$
            Yes, the quotient map is differentiable by definition because we endow the quotient space with the unique differential structure such that the quotient map is a local diffeomorphism. (Of course, not every quotient of a manifold is a manifold but there are results which says that under very general conditions the quotient is a manifold.)
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:27










          • $begingroup$
            For the second question, well... you have to endow the image of $f$ with a suitable differential structure. For example you can prove that it is a regular (or embedded) submanifold of $mathbb{R}^6$ but this follows from the fact that $f$ is a (topological) embedding and it has maximum constant rank.
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:27








          • 1




            $begingroup$
            Sorry for the confusion. I can not say that $g$ is a diffeomorphism if its codomain does not have a differential structure. But we have a definition of regular/embedded submanifold as the image of a topological embedding that has maximum constant rank and a result following this definition give us the differential structure of such a submanifold. Let me look for a reference.
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:41








          • 1




            $begingroup$
            See Proposition 5.2 in John M. Lee, Introduction to smooth manifolds, Springer, 2013, second edition.
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:53


















          • $begingroup$
            Thanks. Two questions: is the quotient map smooth? (why?) And doesn't the inverse function theorem give us local diffeomorphism? I don't understand the last part. + how can I make my answer to the first part rigorous? Is it even right?
            $endgroup$
            – stressed out
            Jan 3 at 23:18












          • $begingroup$
            Yes, the quotient map is differentiable by definition because we endow the quotient space with the unique differential structure such that the quotient map is a local diffeomorphism. (Of course, not every quotient of a manifold is a manifold but there are results which says that under very general conditions the quotient is a manifold.)
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:27










          • $begingroup$
            For the second question, well... you have to endow the image of $f$ with a suitable differential structure. For example you can prove that it is a regular (or embedded) submanifold of $mathbb{R}^6$ but this follows from the fact that $f$ is a (topological) embedding and it has maximum constant rank.
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:27








          • 1




            $begingroup$
            Sorry for the confusion. I can not say that $g$ is a diffeomorphism if its codomain does not have a differential structure. But we have a definition of regular/embedded submanifold as the image of a topological embedding that has maximum constant rank and a result following this definition give us the differential structure of such a submanifold. Let me look for a reference.
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:41








          • 1




            $begingroup$
            See Proposition 5.2 in John M. Lee, Introduction to smooth manifolds, Springer, 2013, second edition.
            $endgroup$
            – Dante Grevino
            Jan 3 at 23:53
















          $begingroup$
          Thanks. Two questions: is the quotient map smooth? (why?) And doesn't the inverse function theorem give us local diffeomorphism? I don't understand the last part. + how can I make my answer to the first part rigorous? Is it even right?
          $endgroup$
          – stressed out
          Jan 3 at 23:18






          $begingroup$
          Thanks. Two questions: is the quotient map smooth? (why?) And doesn't the inverse function theorem give us local diffeomorphism? I don't understand the last part. + how can I make my answer to the first part rigorous? Is it even right?
          $endgroup$
          – stressed out
          Jan 3 at 23:18














          $begingroup$
          Yes, the quotient map is differentiable by definition because we endow the quotient space with the unique differential structure such that the quotient map is a local diffeomorphism. (Of course, not every quotient of a manifold is a manifold but there are results which says that under very general conditions the quotient is a manifold.)
          $endgroup$
          – Dante Grevino
          Jan 3 at 23:27




          $begingroup$
          Yes, the quotient map is differentiable by definition because we endow the quotient space with the unique differential structure such that the quotient map is a local diffeomorphism. (Of course, not every quotient of a manifold is a manifold but there are results which says that under very general conditions the quotient is a manifold.)
          $endgroup$
          – Dante Grevino
          Jan 3 at 23:27












          $begingroup$
          For the second question, well... you have to endow the image of $f$ with a suitable differential structure. For example you can prove that it is a regular (or embedded) submanifold of $mathbb{R}^6$ but this follows from the fact that $f$ is a (topological) embedding and it has maximum constant rank.
          $endgroup$
          – Dante Grevino
          Jan 3 at 23:27






          $begingroup$
          For the second question, well... you have to endow the image of $f$ with a suitable differential structure. For example you can prove that it is a regular (or embedded) submanifold of $mathbb{R}^6$ but this follows from the fact that $f$ is a (topological) embedding and it has maximum constant rank.
          $endgroup$
          – Dante Grevino
          Jan 3 at 23:27






          1




          1




          $begingroup$
          Sorry for the confusion. I can not say that $g$ is a diffeomorphism if its codomain does not have a differential structure. But we have a definition of regular/embedded submanifold as the image of a topological embedding that has maximum constant rank and a result following this definition give us the differential structure of such a submanifold. Let me look for a reference.
          $endgroup$
          – Dante Grevino
          Jan 3 at 23:41






          $begingroup$
          Sorry for the confusion. I can not say that $g$ is a diffeomorphism if its codomain does not have a differential structure. But we have a definition of regular/embedded submanifold as the image of a topological embedding that has maximum constant rank and a result following this definition give us the differential structure of such a submanifold. Let me look for a reference.
          $endgroup$
          – Dante Grevino
          Jan 3 at 23:41






          1




          1




          $begingroup$
          See Proposition 5.2 in John M. Lee, Introduction to smooth manifolds, Springer, 2013, second edition.
          $endgroup$
          – Dante Grevino
          Jan 3 at 23:53




          $begingroup$
          See Proposition 5.2 in John M. Lee, Introduction to smooth manifolds, Springer, 2013, second edition.
          $endgroup$
          – Dante Grevino
          Jan 3 at 23:53


















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