zeros of $x^*Ax$, a quadratic form












1












$begingroup$


The question hopefully says it all!



We have a Hermitian matrix $A=A^* in mathbb{C}^n$ and a quadratic form: $f(x)=x^*Ax,~xin mathbb{C}^n$



We want to find the solution of $f(x) = x^*Ax = 0$



When the matrix is positive semi definite (p.s.d.), the solution seems to be null-space of the matrix of $A$. This I found by diagonalising $A$. But suddenly I became helpless when $A$ has negative Eigen values too!



Please note that when the matrix is not p.s.d., the solution space contains the null space. (I.e. null space is always a solution)










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Have you tried solving this in the case that $A$ is diagonal?
    $endgroup$
    – Omnomnomnom
    Mar 20 '15 at 17:21










  • $begingroup$
    In fact, it suffices to solve this in the case that $A$ has elements $pm 1$ and $0$.
    $endgroup$
    – Omnomnomnom
    Mar 20 '15 at 17:23










  • $begingroup$
    @omnomnomnom Thanks for the comment. That's exactly where my solution stage is. This tri element diagonal case gives me an equation with no further insights!
    $endgroup$
    – Loves Probability
    Mar 20 '15 at 23:01












  • $begingroup$
    For example, the solution for the matrix $$pmatrix{1\&1\&&-1}$$ is the cone $x^2+y^2=z^2$. Note that this is not a linear subspace.
    $endgroup$
    – Omnomnomnom
    Mar 21 '15 at 5:07
















1












$begingroup$


The question hopefully says it all!



We have a Hermitian matrix $A=A^* in mathbb{C}^n$ and a quadratic form: $f(x)=x^*Ax,~xin mathbb{C}^n$



We want to find the solution of $f(x) = x^*Ax = 0$



When the matrix is positive semi definite (p.s.d.), the solution seems to be null-space of the matrix of $A$. This I found by diagonalising $A$. But suddenly I became helpless when $A$ has negative Eigen values too!



Please note that when the matrix is not p.s.d., the solution space contains the null space. (I.e. null space is always a solution)










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Have you tried solving this in the case that $A$ is diagonal?
    $endgroup$
    – Omnomnomnom
    Mar 20 '15 at 17:21










  • $begingroup$
    In fact, it suffices to solve this in the case that $A$ has elements $pm 1$ and $0$.
    $endgroup$
    – Omnomnomnom
    Mar 20 '15 at 17:23










  • $begingroup$
    @omnomnomnom Thanks for the comment. That's exactly where my solution stage is. This tri element diagonal case gives me an equation with no further insights!
    $endgroup$
    – Loves Probability
    Mar 20 '15 at 23:01












  • $begingroup$
    For example, the solution for the matrix $$pmatrix{1\&1\&&-1}$$ is the cone $x^2+y^2=z^2$. Note that this is not a linear subspace.
    $endgroup$
    – Omnomnomnom
    Mar 21 '15 at 5:07














1












1








1


1



$begingroup$


The question hopefully says it all!



We have a Hermitian matrix $A=A^* in mathbb{C}^n$ and a quadratic form: $f(x)=x^*Ax,~xin mathbb{C}^n$



We want to find the solution of $f(x) = x^*Ax = 0$



When the matrix is positive semi definite (p.s.d.), the solution seems to be null-space of the matrix of $A$. This I found by diagonalising $A$. But suddenly I became helpless when $A$ has negative Eigen values too!



Please note that when the matrix is not p.s.d., the solution space contains the null space. (I.e. null space is always a solution)










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




The question hopefully says it all!



We have a Hermitian matrix $A=A^* in mathbb{C}^n$ and a quadratic form: $f(x)=x^*Ax,~xin mathbb{C}^n$



We want to find the solution of $f(x) = x^*Ax = 0$



When the matrix is positive semi definite (p.s.d.), the solution seems to be null-space of the matrix of $A$. This I found by diagonalising $A$. But suddenly I became helpless when $A$ has negative Eigen values too!



Please note that when the matrix is not p.s.d., the solution space contains the null space. (I.e. null space is always a solution)







linear-algebra matrices eigenvalues-eigenvectors quadratic-forms matrix-decomposition






share|cite|improve this question















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited Mar 20 '15 at 14:34







Loves Probability

















asked Mar 20 '15 at 14:20









Loves ProbabilityLoves Probability

15319




15319












  • $begingroup$
    Have you tried solving this in the case that $A$ is diagonal?
    $endgroup$
    – Omnomnomnom
    Mar 20 '15 at 17:21










  • $begingroup$
    In fact, it suffices to solve this in the case that $A$ has elements $pm 1$ and $0$.
    $endgroup$
    – Omnomnomnom
    Mar 20 '15 at 17:23










  • $begingroup$
    @omnomnomnom Thanks for the comment. That's exactly where my solution stage is. This tri element diagonal case gives me an equation with no further insights!
    $endgroup$
    – Loves Probability
    Mar 20 '15 at 23:01












  • $begingroup$
    For example, the solution for the matrix $$pmatrix{1\&1\&&-1}$$ is the cone $x^2+y^2=z^2$. Note that this is not a linear subspace.
    $endgroup$
    – Omnomnomnom
    Mar 21 '15 at 5:07


















  • $begingroup$
    Have you tried solving this in the case that $A$ is diagonal?
    $endgroup$
    – Omnomnomnom
    Mar 20 '15 at 17:21










  • $begingroup$
    In fact, it suffices to solve this in the case that $A$ has elements $pm 1$ and $0$.
    $endgroup$
    – Omnomnomnom
    Mar 20 '15 at 17:23










  • $begingroup$
    @omnomnomnom Thanks for the comment. That's exactly where my solution stage is. This tri element diagonal case gives me an equation with no further insights!
    $endgroup$
    – Loves Probability
    Mar 20 '15 at 23:01












  • $begingroup$
    For example, the solution for the matrix $$pmatrix{1\&1\&&-1}$$ is the cone $x^2+y^2=z^2$. Note that this is not a linear subspace.
    $endgroup$
    – Omnomnomnom
    Mar 21 '15 at 5:07
















$begingroup$
Have you tried solving this in the case that $A$ is diagonal?
$endgroup$
– Omnomnomnom
Mar 20 '15 at 17:21




$begingroup$
Have you tried solving this in the case that $A$ is diagonal?
$endgroup$
– Omnomnomnom
Mar 20 '15 at 17:21












$begingroup$
In fact, it suffices to solve this in the case that $A$ has elements $pm 1$ and $0$.
$endgroup$
– Omnomnomnom
Mar 20 '15 at 17:23




$begingroup$
In fact, it suffices to solve this in the case that $A$ has elements $pm 1$ and $0$.
$endgroup$
– Omnomnomnom
Mar 20 '15 at 17:23












$begingroup$
@omnomnomnom Thanks for the comment. That's exactly where my solution stage is. This tri element diagonal case gives me an equation with no further insights!
$endgroup$
– Loves Probability
Mar 20 '15 at 23:01






$begingroup$
@omnomnomnom Thanks for the comment. That's exactly where my solution stage is. This tri element diagonal case gives me an equation with no further insights!
$endgroup$
– Loves Probability
Mar 20 '15 at 23:01














$begingroup$
For example, the solution for the matrix $$pmatrix{1\&1\&&-1}$$ is the cone $x^2+y^2=z^2$. Note that this is not a linear subspace.
$endgroup$
– Omnomnomnom
Mar 21 '15 at 5:07




$begingroup$
For example, the solution for the matrix $$pmatrix{1\&1\&&-1}$$ is the cone $x^2+y^2=z^2$. Note that this is not a linear subspace.
$endgroup$
– Omnomnomnom
Mar 21 '15 at 5:07










1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes


















0












$begingroup$

Consider $Ntimes N$ matrices and $Ntimes 1$ vectors. Let $A=ULambda U^H$ be its eigen-decomposition. Then
begin{align}
x^HAx &=y^HLambda y && {text{where I define }y=Ux,~forall x } \
&=sum_{i=1}^{N}|y_i|^2lambda_i \
&= theta^Tlambda
end{align}
where $lambda$ is the vector with all eigenvalues and $theta$ is any vector whose entries are non-negative. Thus, for any $thetainleft(mathcal{N}(lambda)capmathbb{R}_{+}^Nright)$ where $mathcal{N}(lambda)$ is the null-space of $lambda$ vector (set of all vectors orthogonal to $lambda$) and the non-negative $N$-dimensional orthant (non-negative quadrant where all entries are non-negative), we have $theta^Tlambda=0$. Now consider the set $mathcal{D}$ of all diagonal matrices such that the diagonal entries lie on the unit circle in the complex plane. Then your solution set is
begin{align}
mathcal{S}_x,=,{U^HDsqrt{theta} ,mid,forall Dinmathcal{D}~,~forall thetainleft(mathcal{N}(lambda)capmathbb{R}_{+}^Nright) }
end{align}
where $sqrt{theta}$ is the entry-wise square root of $theta$.
$mathcal{D}$ is needed because it doesn't matter what the phase of each entry of $y$ is. Note that $y_{i}=D_{ii}sqrt{theta_i}$ and $|y_i|^2=|D_{ii}|^2theta_i=theta_i$. The difficult part is that $mathcal{S}_x$ is not a linear subspace and you won't have that nice properties. It is a highly non-linear transformation and I am not sure what intuitive sense you can derive out of it.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    Thanks for the solution. This does give a good insight. But $mathcal{N}(lambda)bigcapmathbb{R}_{+}^{N}$ is not the solution of $y$ (but a solution of $ycdot^* y$), let alone desired $x$! (The question actually asks about $x$, as the zeros of the quadratic $x^*Ax$) Ofcourse, $y$ is a simple but non-linear mapping from $mathcal{N}(lambda)bigcapmathbb{R}_{+}^{N}$. But there is another unitary transformation to be applied after this non-linear transform. What does that all finally mean, is the mystery still!
    $endgroup$
    – Loves Probability
    Mar 23 '15 at 15:22










  • $begingroup$
    By the way, hope you remember me, Dileep! (I am Harish, who joined in ME(Telecom) along with you @IISc. I did my project under Prof. VS (2009-11 batch))
    $endgroup$
    – Loves Probability
    Mar 23 '15 at 15:24












  • $begingroup$
    You are right. It is far from stating the answer. I thought the reverse transformation is obvious. I have now explicitly stated it.
    $endgroup$
    – dineshdileep
    Mar 24 '15 at 5:17










  • $begingroup$
    Yes, I do know you harish. We were neighbors in hostel as well :):).
    $endgroup$
    – dineshdileep
    Mar 24 '15 at 5:18











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1 Answer
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active

oldest

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1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









0












$begingroup$

Consider $Ntimes N$ matrices and $Ntimes 1$ vectors. Let $A=ULambda U^H$ be its eigen-decomposition. Then
begin{align}
x^HAx &=y^HLambda y && {text{where I define }y=Ux,~forall x } \
&=sum_{i=1}^{N}|y_i|^2lambda_i \
&= theta^Tlambda
end{align}
where $lambda$ is the vector with all eigenvalues and $theta$ is any vector whose entries are non-negative. Thus, for any $thetainleft(mathcal{N}(lambda)capmathbb{R}_{+}^Nright)$ where $mathcal{N}(lambda)$ is the null-space of $lambda$ vector (set of all vectors orthogonal to $lambda$) and the non-negative $N$-dimensional orthant (non-negative quadrant where all entries are non-negative), we have $theta^Tlambda=0$. Now consider the set $mathcal{D}$ of all diagonal matrices such that the diagonal entries lie on the unit circle in the complex plane. Then your solution set is
begin{align}
mathcal{S}_x,=,{U^HDsqrt{theta} ,mid,forall Dinmathcal{D}~,~forall thetainleft(mathcal{N}(lambda)capmathbb{R}_{+}^Nright) }
end{align}
where $sqrt{theta}$ is the entry-wise square root of $theta$.
$mathcal{D}$ is needed because it doesn't matter what the phase of each entry of $y$ is. Note that $y_{i}=D_{ii}sqrt{theta_i}$ and $|y_i|^2=|D_{ii}|^2theta_i=theta_i$. The difficult part is that $mathcal{S}_x$ is not a linear subspace and you won't have that nice properties. It is a highly non-linear transformation and I am not sure what intuitive sense you can derive out of it.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    Thanks for the solution. This does give a good insight. But $mathcal{N}(lambda)bigcapmathbb{R}_{+}^{N}$ is not the solution of $y$ (but a solution of $ycdot^* y$), let alone desired $x$! (The question actually asks about $x$, as the zeros of the quadratic $x^*Ax$) Ofcourse, $y$ is a simple but non-linear mapping from $mathcal{N}(lambda)bigcapmathbb{R}_{+}^{N}$. But there is another unitary transformation to be applied after this non-linear transform. What does that all finally mean, is the mystery still!
    $endgroup$
    – Loves Probability
    Mar 23 '15 at 15:22










  • $begingroup$
    By the way, hope you remember me, Dileep! (I am Harish, who joined in ME(Telecom) along with you @IISc. I did my project under Prof. VS (2009-11 batch))
    $endgroup$
    – Loves Probability
    Mar 23 '15 at 15:24












  • $begingroup$
    You are right. It is far from stating the answer. I thought the reverse transformation is obvious. I have now explicitly stated it.
    $endgroup$
    – dineshdileep
    Mar 24 '15 at 5:17










  • $begingroup$
    Yes, I do know you harish. We were neighbors in hostel as well :):).
    $endgroup$
    – dineshdileep
    Mar 24 '15 at 5:18
















0












$begingroup$

Consider $Ntimes N$ matrices and $Ntimes 1$ vectors. Let $A=ULambda U^H$ be its eigen-decomposition. Then
begin{align}
x^HAx &=y^HLambda y && {text{where I define }y=Ux,~forall x } \
&=sum_{i=1}^{N}|y_i|^2lambda_i \
&= theta^Tlambda
end{align}
where $lambda$ is the vector with all eigenvalues and $theta$ is any vector whose entries are non-negative. Thus, for any $thetainleft(mathcal{N}(lambda)capmathbb{R}_{+}^Nright)$ where $mathcal{N}(lambda)$ is the null-space of $lambda$ vector (set of all vectors orthogonal to $lambda$) and the non-negative $N$-dimensional orthant (non-negative quadrant where all entries are non-negative), we have $theta^Tlambda=0$. Now consider the set $mathcal{D}$ of all diagonal matrices such that the diagonal entries lie on the unit circle in the complex plane. Then your solution set is
begin{align}
mathcal{S}_x,=,{U^HDsqrt{theta} ,mid,forall Dinmathcal{D}~,~forall thetainleft(mathcal{N}(lambda)capmathbb{R}_{+}^Nright) }
end{align}
where $sqrt{theta}$ is the entry-wise square root of $theta$.
$mathcal{D}$ is needed because it doesn't matter what the phase of each entry of $y$ is. Note that $y_{i}=D_{ii}sqrt{theta_i}$ and $|y_i|^2=|D_{ii}|^2theta_i=theta_i$. The difficult part is that $mathcal{S}_x$ is not a linear subspace and you won't have that nice properties. It is a highly non-linear transformation and I am not sure what intuitive sense you can derive out of it.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    Thanks for the solution. This does give a good insight. But $mathcal{N}(lambda)bigcapmathbb{R}_{+}^{N}$ is not the solution of $y$ (but a solution of $ycdot^* y$), let alone desired $x$! (The question actually asks about $x$, as the zeros of the quadratic $x^*Ax$) Ofcourse, $y$ is a simple but non-linear mapping from $mathcal{N}(lambda)bigcapmathbb{R}_{+}^{N}$. But there is another unitary transformation to be applied after this non-linear transform. What does that all finally mean, is the mystery still!
    $endgroup$
    – Loves Probability
    Mar 23 '15 at 15:22










  • $begingroup$
    By the way, hope you remember me, Dileep! (I am Harish, who joined in ME(Telecom) along with you @IISc. I did my project under Prof. VS (2009-11 batch))
    $endgroup$
    – Loves Probability
    Mar 23 '15 at 15:24












  • $begingroup$
    You are right. It is far from stating the answer. I thought the reverse transformation is obvious. I have now explicitly stated it.
    $endgroup$
    – dineshdileep
    Mar 24 '15 at 5:17










  • $begingroup$
    Yes, I do know you harish. We were neighbors in hostel as well :):).
    $endgroup$
    – dineshdileep
    Mar 24 '15 at 5:18














0












0








0





$begingroup$

Consider $Ntimes N$ matrices and $Ntimes 1$ vectors. Let $A=ULambda U^H$ be its eigen-decomposition. Then
begin{align}
x^HAx &=y^HLambda y && {text{where I define }y=Ux,~forall x } \
&=sum_{i=1}^{N}|y_i|^2lambda_i \
&= theta^Tlambda
end{align}
where $lambda$ is the vector with all eigenvalues and $theta$ is any vector whose entries are non-negative. Thus, for any $thetainleft(mathcal{N}(lambda)capmathbb{R}_{+}^Nright)$ where $mathcal{N}(lambda)$ is the null-space of $lambda$ vector (set of all vectors orthogonal to $lambda$) and the non-negative $N$-dimensional orthant (non-negative quadrant where all entries are non-negative), we have $theta^Tlambda=0$. Now consider the set $mathcal{D}$ of all diagonal matrices such that the diagonal entries lie on the unit circle in the complex plane. Then your solution set is
begin{align}
mathcal{S}_x,=,{U^HDsqrt{theta} ,mid,forall Dinmathcal{D}~,~forall thetainleft(mathcal{N}(lambda)capmathbb{R}_{+}^Nright) }
end{align}
where $sqrt{theta}$ is the entry-wise square root of $theta$.
$mathcal{D}$ is needed because it doesn't matter what the phase of each entry of $y$ is. Note that $y_{i}=D_{ii}sqrt{theta_i}$ and $|y_i|^2=|D_{ii}|^2theta_i=theta_i$. The difficult part is that $mathcal{S}_x$ is not a linear subspace and you won't have that nice properties. It is a highly non-linear transformation and I am not sure what intuitive sense you can derive out of it.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$



Consider $Ntimes N$ matrices and $Ntimes 1$ vectors. Let $A=ULambda U^H$ be its eigen-decomposition. Then
begin{align}
x^HAx &=y^HLambda y && {text{where I define }y=Ux,~forall x } \
&=sum_{i=1}^{N}|y_i|^2lambda_i \
&= theta^Tlambda
end{align}
where $lambda$ is the vector with all eigenvalues and $theta$ is any vector whose entries are non-negative. Thus, for any $thetainleft(mathcal{N}(lambda)capmathbb{R}_{+}^Nright)$ where $mathcal{N}(lambda)$ is the null-space of $lambda$ vector (set of all vectors orthogonal to $lambda$) and the non-negative $N$-dimensional orthant (non-negative quadrant where all entries are non-negative), we have $theta^Tlambda=0$. Now consider the set $mathcal{D}$ of all diagonal matrices such that the diagonal entries lie on the unit circle in the complex plane. Then your solution set is
begin{align}
mathcal{S}_x,=,{U^HDsqrt{theta} ,mid,forall Dinmathcal{D}~,~forall thetainleft(mathcal{N}(lambda)capmathbb{R}_{+}^Nright) }
end{align}
where $sqrt{theta}$ is the entry-wise square root of $theta$.
$mathcal{D}$ is needed because it doesn't matter what the phase of each entry of $y$ is. Note that $y_{i}=D_{ii}sqrt{theta_i}$ and $|y_i|^2=|D_{ii}|^2theta_i=theta_i$. The difficult part is that $mathcal{S}_x$ is not a linear subspace and you won't have that nice properties. It is a highly non-linear transformation and I am not sure what intuitive sense you can derive out of it.







share|cite|improve this answer














share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer








edited Mar 24 '15 at 5:14

























answered Mar 23 '15 at 13:53









dineshdileepdineshdileep

5,96111735




5,96111735












  • $begingroup$
    Thanks for the solution. This does give a good insight. But $mathcal{N}(lambda)bigcapmathbb{R}_{+}^{N}$ is not the solution of $y$ (but a solution of $ycdot^* y$), let alone desired $x$! (The question actually asks about $x$, as the zeros of the quadratic $x^*Ax$) Ofcourse, $y$ is a simple but non-linear mapping from $mathcal{N}(lambda)bigcapmathbb{R}_{+}^{N}$. But there is another unitary transformation to be applied after this non-linear transform. What does that all finally mean, is the mystery still!
    $endgroup$
    – Loves Probability
    Mar 23 '15 at 15:22










  • $begingroup$
    By the way, hope you remember me, Dileep! (I am Harish, who joined in ME(Telecom) along with you @IISc. I did my project under Prof. VS (2009-11 batch))
    $endgroup$
    – Loves Probability
    Mar 23 '15 at 15:24












  • $begingroup$
    You are right. It is far from stating the answer. I thought the reverse transformation is obvious. I have now explicitly stated it.
    $endgroup$
    – dineshdileep
    Mar 24 '15 at 5:17










  • $begingroup$
    Yes, I do know you harish. We were neighbors in hostel as well :):).
    $endgroup$
    – dineshdileep
    Mar 24 '15 at 5:18


















  • $begingroup$
    Thanks for the solution. This does give a good insight. But $mathcal{N}(lambda)bigcapmathbb{R}_{+}^{N}$ is not the solution of $y$ (but a solution of $ycdot^* y$), let alone desired $x$! (The question actually asks about $x$, as the zeros of the quadratic $x^*Ax$) Ofcourse, $y$ is a simple but non-linear mapping from $mathcal{N}(lambda)bigcapmathbb{R}_{+}^{N}$. But there is another unitary transformation to be applied after this non-linear transform. What does that all finally mean, is the mystery still!
    $endgroup$
    – Loves Probability
    Mar 23 '15 at 15:22










  • $begingroup$
    By the way, hope you remember me, Dileep! (I am Harish, who joined in ME(Telecom) along with you @IISc. I did my project under Prof. VS (2009-11 batch))
    $endgroup$
    – Loves Probability
    Mar 23 '15 at 15:24












  • $begingroup$
    You are right. It is far from stating the answer. I thought the reverse transformation is obvious. I have now explicitly stated it.
    $endgroup$
    – dineshdileep
    Mar 24 '15 at 5:17










  • $begingroup$
    Yes, I do know you harish. We were neighbors in hostel as well :):).
    $endgroup$
    – dineshdileep
    Mar 24 '15 at 5:18
















$begingroup$
Thanks for the solution. This does give a good insight. But $mathcal{N}(lambda)bigcapmathbb{R}_{+}^{N}$ is not the solution of $y$ (but a solution of $ycdot^* y$), let alone desired $x$! (The question actually asks about $x$, as the zeros of the quadratic $x^*Ax$) Ofcourse, $y$ is a simple but non-linear mapping from $mathcal{N}(lambda)bigcapmathbb{R}_{+}^{N}$. But there is another unitary transformation to be applied after this non-linear transform. What does that all finally mean, is the mystery still!
$endgroup$
– Loves Probability
Mar 23 '15 at 15:22




$begingroup$
Thanks for the solution. This does give a good insight. But $mathcal{N}(lambda)bigcapmathbb{R}_{+}^{N}$ is not the solution of $y$ (but a solution of $ycdot^* y$), let alone desired $x$! (The question actually asks about $x$, as the zeros of the quadratic $x^*Ax$) Ofcourse, $y$ is a simple but non-linear mapping from $mathcal{N}(lambda)bigcapmathbb{R}_{+}^{N}$. But there is another unitary transformation to be applied after this non-linear transform. What does that all finally mean, is the mystery still!
$endgroup$
– Loves Probability
Mar 23 '15 at 15:22












$begingroup$
By the way, hope you remember me, Dileep! (I am Harish, who joined in ME(Telecom) along with you @IISc. I did my project under Prof. VS (2009-11 batch))
$endgroup$
– Loves Probability
Mar 23 '15 at 15:24






$begingroup$
By the way, hope you remember me, Dileep! (I am Harish, who joined in ME(Telecom) along with you @IISc. I did my project under Prof. VS (2009-11 batch))
$endgroup$
– Loves Probability
Mar 23 '15 at 15:24














$begingroup$
You are right. It is far from stating the answer. I thought the reverse transformation is obvious. I have now explicitly stated it.
$endgroup$
– dineshdileep
Mar 24 '15 at 5:17




$begingroup$
You are right. It is far from stating the answer. I thought the reverse transformation is obvious. I have now explicitly stated it.
$endgroup$
– dineshdileep
Mar 24 '15 at 5:17












$begingroup$
Yes, I do know you harish. We were neighbors in hostel as well :):).
$endgroup$
– dineshdileep
Mar 24 '15 at 5:18




$begingroup$
Yes, I do know you harish. We were neighbors in hostel as well :):).
$endgroup$
– dineshdileep
Mar 24 '15 at 5:18


















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