Natural deduction proof of $(A to lnot B lor C), ((lnot D land A) to B), (lnot E to A) vdash D lor (C lor E)$












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I'm struggling to proof this both if I use or introduction rule $lor_{I_1}$ (to work on $D$) or or introduction rule $lor_{I_2}$ (to work on $C lor E$). Could you help me?










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  • 1




    $begingroup$
    $D lor (C land E)$ or $D lor (C lor E)$ ?
    $endgroup$
    – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
    Jan 2 at 12:33










  • $begingroup$
    Second one, sorry.
    $endgroup$
    – Maicake
    Jan 2 at 12:39
















1












$begingroup$


I'm struggling to proof this both if I use or introduction rule $lor_{I_1}$ (to work on $D$) or or introduction rule $lor_{I_2}$ (to work on $C lor E$). Could you help me?










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    $D lor (C land E)$ or $D lor (C lor E)$ ?
    $endgroup$
    – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
    Jan 2 at 12:33










  • $begingroup$
    Second one, sorry.
    $endgroup$
    – Maicake
    Jan 2 at 12:39














1












1








1





$begingroup$


I'm struggling to proof this both if I use or introduction rule $lor_{I_1}$ (to work on $D$) or or introduction rule $lor_{I_2}$ (to work on $C lor E$). Could you help me?










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




I'm struggling to proof this both if I use or introduction rule $lor_{I_1}$ (to work on $D$) or or introduction rule $lor_{I_2}$ (to work on $C lor E$). Could you help me?







logic propositional-calculus natural-deduction formal-proofs






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edited Jan 2 at 18:51









Taroccoesbrocco

5,14761839




5,14761839










asked Jan 2 at 12:11









MaicakeMaicake

615




615








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    $D lor (C land E)$ or $D lor (C lor E)$ ?
    $endgroup$
    – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
    Jan 2 at 12:33










  • $begingroup$
    Second one, sorry.
    $endgroup$
    – Maicake
    Jan 2 at 12:39














  • 1




    $begingroup$
    $D lor (C land E)$ or $D lor (C lor E)$ ?
    $endgroup$
    – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
    Jan 2 at 12:33










  • $begingroup$
    Second one, sorry.
    $endgroup$
    – Maicake
    Jan 2 at 12:39








1




1




$begingroup$
$D lor (C land E)$ or $D lor (C lor E)$ ?
$endgroup$
– Mauro ALLEGRANZA
Jan 2 at 12:33




$begingroup$
$D lor (C land E)$ or $D lor (C lor E)$ ?
$endgroup$
– Mauro ALLEGRANZA
Jan 2 at 12:33












$begingroup$
Second one, sorry.
$endgroup$
– Maicake
Jan 2 at 12:39




$begingroup$
Second one, sorry.
$endgroup$
– Maicake
Jan 2 at 12:39










3 Answers
3






active

oldest

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0












$begingroup$

We will work by contradicition, starting assuming :



1) $lnot [D lor (C lor E)]$ --- assumed [a]



2) $lnot D$ --- assumed [b]



3) $lnot E$ --- assumed [c]



4) $A$ --- from 3) and premise-3



5) $lnot D land A$ --- from 2) and 4)



6) $B$ --- from 5) and premise-2



7) $lnot B lor C$ --- from 4) and premise-1



Now we need $lor$-elim on 7)



8) $lnot B$ --- assumed [d1] from 7)



9) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 6) and 8)



10) $C$ --- assumed [d2] from 7)



11) $C lor E$ --- from 10)



12) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 11)



13) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 1) and 12)



We have derived $bot$ in both cases of the $lor$-elim; thus we have :




14) $bot$ --- from 8)-9) and 10)-13) and 7) by $lor$-elim, discharging assumptions [d1] and [d2]




15) $E$ --- from 3) and 14) by RAA and DN, discharging [c]



16) $C lor E$ --- from 15)



17) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 16)



18) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 1) and 17)



19) $D$ --- from 2) and 18) by RAA and DN, discharging [b]



20) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 19)



21) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 1) and 20)





22) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 1) and 21) by RAA and DN, discharging [a].








share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    thanks a lot. I m not used to this notation where can I find a little example of it use?
    $endgroup$
    – Maicake
    Jan 2 at 13:06










  • $begingroup$
    You are welcome :-)
    $endgroup$
    – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
    Jan 2 at 14:40










  • $begingroup$
    @Maicake - do you mean the $bot$ i.e. false symbol ? It means a proposition that is alway false, i.e. a contradiction.
    $endgroup$
    – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
    Jan 2 at 14:41










  • $begingroup$
    I didn't explain well . I mean I usually do this proof drawing trees. It's the first time I see a "linear proof". Also why did you choose to start with RAA?
    $endgroup$
    – Maicake
    Jan 2 at 14:49






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @Maicake - because it is cumbersome to draw a tree with the editor here... But it is easy to convert the proof above in tree form: a starting node for every assumption.
    $endgroup$
    – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
    Jan 2 at 14:50





















1












$begingroup$


Natural deduction proof of $(A to lnot B lor C), ((lnot D land A) to B), (lnot E to A) vdash D lor (C lor E)$




Here is a skeleton; just flesh it out.   The subproofs are mostly proofs by reduction to absurdity, and a proof by cases.



$$deffitch#1#2{~~begin{array}{|l}#1\hline#2end{array}}fitch{(A to lnot B lor C)\ ((lnot D land A) to B)\ (lnot E to A) }{fitch{lnot(Dlor (Clor E))}{fitch{~}{~\~\fitch{~}{fitch{~}{~\~\bot}\~\~\Dlor(Blor E)\bot}\~\fitch{~}{~\Dlor(Clor E)\bot}\~\bot}\~\~\~\Dlor(Clor E)\bot}\~\Dlor (Clor E)}$$






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    0












    $begingroup$

    $A implies lnot B lor C$ is equivalent to $lnot Blor C$ or $lnot A$



    $lnot D land A implies B $ is equivalent to $B$ or $Dlor lnot A$



    $lnot E implies A$ is equivalent to $A$ or $E$



    So you want to prove that $lnot A lor lnot Blor C$, $lnot Alor Blor D$, $Alor E$ gives you $Clor Dlor E$. Can you show this last step?






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      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

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      3 Answers
      3






      active

      oldest

      votes









      active

      oldest

      votes






      active

      oldest

      votes









      0












      $begingroup$

      We will work by contradicition, starting assuming :



      1) $lnot [D lor (C lor E)]$ --- assumed [a]



      2) $lnot D$ --- assumed [b]



      3) $lnot E$ --- assumed [c]



      4) $A$ --- from 3) and premise-3



      5) $lnot D land A$ --- from 2) and 4)



      6) $B$ --- from 5) and premise-2



      7) $lnot B lor C$ --- from 4) and premise-1



      Now we need $lor$-elim on 7)



      8) $lnot B$ --- assumed [d1] from 7)



      9) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 6) and 8)



      10) $C$ --- assumed [d2] from 7)



      11) $C lor E$ --- from 10)



      12) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 11)



      13) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 1) and 12)



      We have derived $bot$ in both cases of the $lor$-elim; thus we have :




      14) $bot$ --- from 8)-9) and 10)-13) and 7) by $lor$-elim, discharging assumptions [d1] and [d2]




      15) $E$ --- from 3) and 14) by RAA and DN, discharging [c]



      16) $C lor E$ --- from 15)



      17) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 16)



      18) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 1) and 17)



      19) $D$ --- from 2) and 18) by RAA and DN, discharging [b]



      20) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 19)



      21) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 1) and 20)





      22) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 1) and 21) by RAA and DN, discharging [a].








      share|cite|improve this answer











      $endgroup$













      • $begingroup$
        thanks a lot. I m not used to this notation where can I find a little example of it use?
        $endgroup$
        – Maicake
        Jan 2 at 13:06










      • $begingroup$
        You are welcome :-)
        $endgroup$
        – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
        Jan 2 at 14:40










      • $begingroup$
        @Maicake - do you mean the $bot$ i.e. false symbol ? It means a proposition that is alway false, i.e. a contradiction.
        $endgroup$
        – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
        Jan 2 at 14:41










      • $begingroup$
        I didn't explain well . I mean I usually do this proof drawing trees. It's the first time I see a "linear proof". Also why did you choose to start with RAA?
        $endgroup$
        – Maicake
        Jan 2 at 14:49






      • 1




        $begingroup$
        @Maicake - because it is cumbersome to draw a tree with the editor here... But it is easy to convert the proof above in tree form: a starting node for every assumption.
        $endgroup$
        – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
        Jan 2 at 14:50


















      0












      $begingroup$

      We will work by contradicition, starting assuming :



      1) $lnot [D lor (C lor E)]$ --- assumed [a]



      2) $lnot D$ --- assumed [b]



      3) $lnot E$ --- assumed [c]



      4) $A$ --- from 3) and premise-3



      5) $lnot D land A$ --- from 2) and 4)



      6) $B$ --- from 5) and premise-2



      7) $lnot B lor C$ --- from 4) and premise-1



      Now we need $lor$-elim on 7)



      8) $lnot B$ --- assumed [d1] from 7)



      9) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 6) and 8)



      10) $C$ --- assumed [d2] from 7)



      11) $C lor E$ --- from 10)



      12) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 11)



      13) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 1) and 12)



      We have derived $bot$ in both cases of the $lor$-elim; thus we have :




      14) $bot$ --- from 8)-9) and 10)-13) and 7) by $lor$-elim, discharging assumptions [d1] and [d2]




      15) $E$ --- from 3) and 14) by RAA and DN, discharging [c]



      16) $C lor E$ --- from 15)



      17) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 16)



      18) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 1) and 17)



      19) $D$ --- from 2) and 18) by RAA and DN, discharging [b]



      20) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 19)



      21) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 1) and 20)





      22) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 1) and 21) by RAA and DN, discharging [a].








      share|cite|improve this answer











      $endgroup$













      • $begingroup$
        thanks a lot. I m not used to this notation where can I find a little example of it use?
        $endgroup$
        – Maicake
        Jan 2 at 13:06










      • $begingroup$
        You are welcome :-)
        $endgroup$
        – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
        Jan 2 at 14:40










      • $begingroup$
        @Maicake - do you mean the $bot$ i.e. false symbol ? It means a proposition that is alway false, i.e. a contradiction.
        $endgroup$
        – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
        Jan 2 at 14:41










      • $begingroup$
        I didn't explain well . I mean I usually do this proof drawing trees. It's the first time I see a "linear proof". Also why did you choose to start with RAA?
        $endgroup$
        – Maicake
        Jan 2 at 14:49






      • 1




        $begingroup$
        @Maicake - because it is cumbersome to draw a tree with the editor here... But it is easy to convert the proof above in tree form: a starting node for every assumption.
        $endgroup$
        – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
        Jan 2 at 14:50
















      0












      0








      0





      $begingroup$

      We will work by contradicition, starting assuming :



      1) $lnot [D lor (C lor E)]$ --- assumed [a]



      2) $lnot D$ --- assumed [b]



      3) $lnot E$ --- assumed [c]



      4) $A$ --- from 3) and premise-3



      5) $lnot D land A$ --- from 2) and 4)



      6) $B$ --- from 5) and premise-2



      7) $lnot B lor C$ --- from 4) and premise-1



      Now we need $lor$-elim on 7)



      8) $lnot B$ --- assumed [d1] from 7)



      9) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 6) and 8)



      10) $C$ --- assumed [d2] from 7)



      11) $C lor E$ --- from 10)



      12) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 11)



      13) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 1) and 12)



      We have derived $bot$ in both cases of the $lor$-elim; thus we have :




      14) $bot$ --- from 8)-9) and 10)-13) and 7) by $lor$-elim, discharging assumptions [d1] and [d2]




      15) $E$ --- from 3) and 14) by RAA and DN, discharging [c]



      16) $C lor E$ --- from 15)



      17) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 16)



      18) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 1) and 17)



      19) $D$ --- from 2) and 18) by RAA and DN, discharging [b]



      20) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 19)



      21) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 1) and 20)





      22) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 1) and 21) by RAA and DN, discharging [a].








      share|cite|improve this answer











      $endgroup$



      We will work by contradicition, starting assuming :



      1) $lnot [D lor (C lor E)]$ --- assumed [a]



      2) $lnot D$ --- assumed [b]



      3) $lnot E$ --- assumed [c]



      4) $A$ --- from 3) and premise-3



      5) $lnot D land A$ --- from 2) and 4)



      6) $B$ --- from 5) and premise-2



      7) $lnot B lor C$ --- from 4) and premise-1



      Now we need $lor$-elim on 7)



      8) $lnot B$ --- assumed [d1] from 7)



      9) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 6) and 8)



      10) $C$ --- assumed [d2] from 7)



      11) $C lor E$ --- from 10)



      12) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 11)



      13) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 1) and 12)



      We have derived $bot$ in both cases of the $lor$-elim; thus we have :




      14) $bot$ --- from 8)-9) and 10)-13) and 7) by $lor$-elim, discharging assumptions [d1] and [d2]




      15) $E$ --- from 3) and 14) by RAA and DN, discharging [c]



      16) $C lor E$ --- from 15)



      17) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 16)



      18) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 1) and 17)



      19) $D$ --- from 2) and 18) by RAA and DN, discharging [b]



      20) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 19)



      21) $bot$ --- contradiction ! with 1) and 20)





      22) $D lor (C lor E)$ --- from 1) and 21) by RAA and DN, discharging [a].









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      share|cite|improve this answer



      share|cite|improve this answer








      edited Jan 2 at 14:49

























      answered Jan 2 at 13:01









      Mauro ALLEGRANZAMauro ALLEGRANZA

      64.7k448112




      64.7k448112












      • $begingroup$
        thanks a lot. I m not used to this notation where can I find a little example of it use?
        $endgroup$
        – Maicake
        Jan 2 at 13:06










      • $begingroup$
        You are welcome :-)
        $endgroup$
        – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
        Jan 2 at 14:40










      • $begingroup$
        @Maicake - do you mean the $bot$ i.e. false symbol ? It means a proposition that is alway false, i.e. a contradiction.
        $endgroup$
        – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
        Jan 2 at 14:41










      • $begingroup$
        I didn't explain well . I mean I usually do this proof drawing trees. It's the first time I see a "linear proof". Also why did you choose to start with RAA?
        $endgroup$
        – Maicake
        Jan 2 at 14:49






      • 1




        $begingroup$
        @Maicake - because it is cumbersome to draw a tree with the editor here... But it is easy to convert the proof above in tree form: a starting node for every assumption.
        $endgroup$
        – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
        Jan 2 at 14:50




















      • $begingroup$
        thanks a lot. I m not used to this notation where can I find a little example of it use?
        $endgroup$
        – Maicake
        Jan 2 at 13:06










      • $begingroup$
        You are welcome :-)
        $endgroup$
        – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
        Jan 2 at 14:40










      • $begingroup$
        @Maicake - do you mean the $bot$ i.e. false symbol ? It means a proposition that is alway false, i.e. a contradiction.
        $endgroup$
        – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
        Jan 2 at 14:41










      • $begingroup$
        I didn't explain well . I mean I usually do this proof drawing trees. It's the first time I see a "linear proof". Also why did you choose to start with RAA?
        $endgroup$
        – Maicake
        Jan 2 at 14:49






      • 1




        $begingroup$
        @Maicake - because it is cumbersome to draw a tree with the editor here... But it is easy to convert the proof above in tree form: a starting node for every assumption.
        $endgroup$
        – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
        Jan 2 at 14:50


















      $begingroup$
      thanks a lot. I m not used to this notation where can I find a little example of it use?
      $endgroup$
      – Maicake
      Jan 2 at 13:06




      $begingroup$
      thanks a lot. I m not used to this notation where can I find a little example of it use?
      $endgroup$
      – Maicake
      Jan 2 at 13:06












      $begingroup$
      You are welcome :-)
      $endgroup$
      – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
      Jan 2 at 14:40




      $begingroup$
      You are welcome :-)
      $endgroup$
      – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
      Jan 2 at 14:40












      $begingroup$
      @Maicake - do you mean the $bot$ i.e. false symbol ? It means a proposition that is alway false, i.e. a contradiction.
      $endgroup$
      – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
      Jan 2 at 14:41




      $begingroup$
      @Maicake - do you mean the $bot$ i.e. false symbol ? It means a proposition that is alway false, i.e. a contradiction.
      $endgroup$
      – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
      Jan 2 at 14:41












      $begingroup$
      I didn't explain well . I mean I usually do this proof drawing trees. It's the first time I see a "linear proof". Also why did you choose to start with RAA?
      $endgroup$
      – Maicake
      Jan 2 at 14:49




      $begingroup$
      I didn't explain well . I mean I usually do this proof drawing trees. It's the first time I see a "linear proof". Also why did you choose to start with RAA?
      $endgroup$
      – Maicake
      Jan 2 at 14:49




      1




      1




      $begingroup$
      @Maicake - because it is cumbersome to draw a tree with the editor here... But it is easy to convert the proof above in tree form: a starting node for every assumption.
      $endgroup$
      – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
      Jan 2 at 14:50






      $begingroup$
      @Maicake - because it is cumbersome to draw a tree with the editor here... But it is easy to convert the proof above in tree form: a starting node for every assumption.
      $endgroup$
      – Mauro ALLEGRANZA
      Jan 2 at 14:50













      1












      $begingroup$


      Natural deduction proof of $(A to lnot B lor C), ((lnot D land A) to B), (lnot E to A) vdash D lor (C lor E)$




      Here is a skeleton; just flesh it out.   The subproofs are mostly proofs by reduction to absurdity, and a proof by cases.



      $$deffitch#1#2{~~begin{array}{|l}#1\hline#2end{array}}fitch{(A to lnot B lor C)\ ((lnot D land A) to B)\ (lnot E to A) }{fitch{lnot(Dlor (Clor E))}{fitch{~}{~\~\fitch{~}{fitch{~}{~\~\bot}\~\~\Dlor(Blor E)\bot}\~\fitch{~}{~\Dlor(Clor E)\bot}\~\bot}\~\~\~\Dlor(Clor E)\bot}\~\Dlor (Clor E)}$$






      share|cite|improve this answer









      $endgroup$


















        1












        $begingroup$


        Natural deduction proof of $(A to lnot B lor C), ((lnot D land A) to B), (lnot E to A) vdash D lor (C lor E)$




        Here is a skeleton; just flesh it out.   The subproofs are mostly proofs by reduction to absurdity, and a proof by cases.



        $$deffitch#1#2{~~begin{array}{|l}#1\hline#2end{array}}fitch{(A to lnot B lor C)\ ((lnot D land A) to B)\ (lnot E to A) }{fitch{lnot(Dlor (Clor E))}{fitch{~}{~\~\fitch{~}{fitch{~}{~\~\bot}\~\~\Dlor(Blor E)\bot}\~\fitch{~}{~\Dlor(Clor E)\bot}\~\bot}\~\~\~\Dlor(Clor E)\bot}\~\Dlor (Clor E)}$$






        share|cite|improve this answer









        $endgroup$
















          1












          1








          1





          $begingroup$


          Natural deduction proof of $(A to lnot B lor C), ((lnot D land A) to B), (lnot E to A) vdash D lor (C lor E)$




          Here is a skeleton; just flesh it out.   The subproofs are mostly proofs by reduction to absurdity, and a proof by cases.



          $$deffitch#1#2{~~begin{array}{|l}#1\hline#2end{array}}fitch{(A to lnot B lor C)\ ((lnot D land A) to B)\ (lnot E to A) }{fitch{lnot(Dlor (Clor E))}{fitch{~}{~\~\fitch{~}{fitch{~}{~\~\bot}\~\~\Dlor(Blor E)\bot}\~\fitch{~}{~\Dlor(Clor E)\bot}\~\bot}\~\~\~\Dlor(Clor E)\bot}\~\Dlor (Clor E)}$$






          share|cite|improve this answer









          $endgroup$




          Natural deduction proof of $(A to lnot B lor C), ((lnot D land A) to B), (lnot E to A) vdash D lor (C lor E)$




          Here is a skeleton; just flesh it out.   The subproofs are mostly proofs by reduction to absurdity, and a proof by cases.



          $$deffitch#1#2{~~begin{array}{|l}#1\hline#2end{array}}fitch{(A to lnot B lor C)\ ((lnot D land A) to B)\ (lnot E to A) }{fitch{lnot(Dlor (Clor E))}{fitch{~}{~\~\fitch{~}{fitch{~}{~\~\bot}\~\~\Dlor(Blor E)\bot}\~\fitch{~}{~\Dlor(Clor E)\bot}\~\bot}\~\~\~\Dlor(Clor E)\bot}\~\Dlor (Clor E)}$$







          share|cite|improve this answer












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          share|cite|improve this answer










          answered Jan 2 at 13:24









          Graham KempGraham Kemp

          84.8k43378




          84.8k43378























              0












              $begingroup$

              $A implies lnot B lor C$ is equivalent to $lnot Blor C$ or $lnot A$



              $lnot D land A implies B $ is equivalent to $B$ or $Dlor lnot A$



              $lnot E implies A$ is equivalent to $A$ or $E$



              So you want to prove that $lnot A lor lnot Blor C$, $lnot Alor Blor D$, $Alor E$ gives you $Clor Dlor E$. Can you show this last step?






              share|cite|improve this answer









              $endgroup$


















                0












                $begingroup$

                $A implies lnot B lor C$ is equivalent to $lnot Blor C$ or $lnot A$



                $lnot D land A implies B $ is equivalent to $B$ or $Dlor lnot A$



                $lnot E implies A$ is equivalent to $A$ or $E$



                So you want to prove that $lnot A lor lnot Blor C$, $lnot Alor Blor D$, $Alor E$ gives you $Clor Dlor E$. Can you show this last step?






                share|cite|improve this answer









                $endgroup$
















                  0












                  0








                  0





                  $begingroup$

                  $A implies lnot B lor C$ is equivalent to $lnot Blor C$ or $lnot A$



                  $lnot D land A implies B $ is equivalent to $B$ or $Dlor lnot A$



                  $lnot E implies A$ is equivalent to $A$ or $E$



                  So you want to prove that $lnot A lor lnot Blor C$, $lnot Alor Blor D$, $Alor E$ gives you $Clor Dlor E$. Can you show this last step?






                  share|cite|improve this answer









                  $endgroup$



                  $A implies lnot B lor C$ is equivalent to $lnot Blor C$ or $lnot A$



                  $lnot D land A implies B $ is equivalent to $B$ or $Dlor lnot A$



                  $lnot E implies A$ is equivalent to $A$ or $E$



                  So you want to prove that $lnot A lor lnot Blor C$, $lnot Alor Blor D$, $Alor E$ gives you $Clor Dlor E$. Can you show this last step?







                  share|cite|improve this answer












                  share|cite|improve this answer



                  share|cite|improve this answer










                  answered Jan 2 at 12:41









                  Test123Test123

                  2,762828




                  2,762828






























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