Mixing
^= operator in Python
I've been using Python a while and I bumped into this operator "^=" for the first time from this link.
def solution(A):
result = 0
for number in A:
result ^= number
return result
Of course, I did some googling, but I can't seem to find this operator. What does it do?
python
asked Nov 19 '18 at 12:51
sabrinazuraimi
184313
add a comment |
I've been using Python a while and I bumped into this operator "^=" for the first time from this link.
def solution(A):
result = 0
for number in A:
result ^= number
return result
Of course, I did some googling, but I can't seem to find this operator. What does it do?
python
asked Nov 19 '18 at 12:51
sabrinazuraimi
184313
In my experience, the Python docs are absurdly hard to Google. Including "Python language reference" in your search can often lead to better results.
– JETM
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
it is xor......
– mehrdad-pedramfar
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
2
It is not exactly the same as the question I linked, though.^is the XOR operator.^=is the XOR-assignment operator, soa ^= bmeans "assigna XOR btoa".
– jdehesa
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
For some reason, the python docs don't list^=in the assignment operators reference.
– OrangeDog
Nov 19 '18 at 14:03
add a comment |
I've been using Python a while and I bumped into this operator "^=" for the first time from this link.
def solution(A):
result = 0
for number in A:
result ^= number
return result
Of course, I did some googling, but I can't seem to find this operator. What does it do?
python
asked Nov 19 '18 at 12:51
sabrinazuraimi
184313
I've been using Python a while and I bumped into this operator "^=" for the first time from this link.
def solution(A):
result = 0
for number in A:
result ^= number
return result
Of course, I did some googling, but I can't seem to find this operator. What does it do?
python
python
asked Nov 19 '18 at 12:51
sabrinazuraimi
184313
asked Nov 19 '18 at 12:51
sabrinazuraimi
184313
asked Nov 19 '18 at 12:51
sabrinazuraimi
184313
asked Nov 19 '18 at 12:51
sabrinazuraimi
184313
asked Nov 19 '18 at 12:51
sabrinazuraimi
184313
184313
In my experience, the Python docs are absurdly hard to Google. Including "Python language reference" in your search can often lead to better results.
– JETM
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
it is xor......
– mehrdad-pedramfar
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
2
It is not exactly the same as the question I linked, though.^is the XOR operator.^=is the XOR-assignment operator, soa ^= bmeans "assigna XOR btoa".
– jdehesa
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
For some reason, the python docs don't list^=in the assignment operators reference.
– OrangeDog
Nov 19 '18 at 14:03
add a comment |
In my experience, the Python docs are absurdly hard to Google. Including "Python language reference" in your search can often lead to better results.
– JETM
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
it is xor......
– mehrdad-pedramfar
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
2
It is not exactly the same as the question I linked, though.^is the XOR operator.^=is the XOR-assignment operator, soa ^= bmeans "assigna XOR btoa".
– jdehesa
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
For some reason, the python docs don't list^=in the assignment operators reference.
– OrangeDog
Nov 19 '18 at 14:03
In my experience, the Python docs are absurdly hard to Google. Including "Python language reference" in your search can often lead to better results.
– JETM
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
In my experience, the Python docs are absurdly hard to Google. Including "Python language reference" in your search can often lead to better results.
– JETM
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
it is xor......
– mehrdad-pedramfar
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
it is xor......
– mehrdad-pedramfar
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
2
2
It is not exactly the same as the question I linked, though.
^ is the XOR operator. ^= is the XOR-assignment operator, so a ^= b means "assign a XOR b to a".– jdehesa
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
It is not exactly the same as the question I linked, though.
^ is the XOR operator. ^= is the XOR-assignment operator, so a ^= b means "assign a XOR b to a".– jdehesa
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
For some reason, the python docs don't list
^= in the assignment operators reference.– OrangeDog
Nov 19 '18 at 14:03
For some reason, the python docs don't list
^= in the assignment operators reference.– OrangeDog
Nov 19 '18 at 14:03
add a comment |
4 Answers
4
active
oldest
votes
The
^operator yields the bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) of its arguments, which must be integers.
https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations
As with all the other _= operators, ^= assigns the result back to the variable: a =^ b is eqivalent to a = a ^ b.
As a function it is __ixor__ (or operator.ixor), and may have different behaviour for non-integer types.
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
OrangeDog
20.7k561135
What do you mean with "on an object"? Everything in Python is an object, and it may or may not have__ixor__implemented.
– timgeb
Nov 26 '18 at 11:29
Ah, okay. I wasn't sure if you were trying to say that numbers are primitive data types like in Java (your top tag).
– timgeb
Nov 26 '18 at 11:56
add a comment |
The special method that relates to ^= and is called behind the curtains is __ixor__. The special method that relates to ^ is __xor__. They don't have to behave the same.
__ixor__ is the Augmented Assignment variant of __xor__, performing inplace operations when possible, and falling back to __xor__ when __ixor__ is not implemented.
In principle, the return value of the method is completely up to the implementation of __ixor__, but there are some common use cases.
For two sets, a ^= b computes the symmetric difference of the sets a and b (all elements present in exactly one of the two sets) and mutates a.
>>> a = {1, 2, 3}
>>> b = {1, 4, 5}
>>> reference = a
>>>
>>> a ^= b
>>> a
{2, 3, 4, 5}
>>> reference
{2, 3, 4, 5}
Note that a has been mutated in place, thus a and reference both point to the same set object {2, 3, 4, 5} in memory. Thus ^= behaves differently from ^ in this case, which builds a new set as shown below.
>>> a = {1, 2, 3}
>>> b = {1, 4, 5}
>>> reference = a
>>> a = a^b
>>> a
{2, 3, 4, 5}
>>> reference
{1, 2, 3}
Note that a = a^b has built a new set to which the name a has been reassigned and reference still refers to the original set {1, 2, 3}.
For builtin immutable types (like integers), a ^= b is indeed equivalent to a = a^b. Since integers have no __ixor__ method, Python falls back to using __xor__.
In the case of integers a ^= b performs a bitwise-non-equal operation and the name a is reassigned to the result of that computation.
Demo:
>>> a = 5
>>> b = 6
>>> a^b
3
Explanation:
101 (5 decimal)
XOR 110 (6 decimal)
-------------------
011 (3 decimal)
answered Nov 19 '18 at 13:42
timgeb
49.3k116390
add a comment |
It is XOR. https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations
For example:
9 ^ 1
Output:
8
Because in binary 9 is 101, then 1 is 001.
XOR operation mean:
101
001
output:
100 #or 8 in natural number
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
Rudolf Morkovskyi
720117
add a comment |
a ^= b equialent to a = a^b
^ - is XOR operator
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:54
Alexander Tolkachev
672514
add a comment |
Your Answer
StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function () {
StackExchange.using("snippets", function () {
StackExchange.snippets.init();
});
});
}, "code-snippets");
StackExchange.ready(function() {
var channelOptions = {
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "1"
};
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
createEditor();
});
}
else {
createEditor();
}
});
function createEditor() {
StackExchange.prepareEditor({
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: true,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: 10,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader: {
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
},
onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
});
}
});
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fquestions%2f53375038%2foperator-in-python%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
4 Answers
4
active
oldest
votes
4 Answers
4
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
The
^operator yields the bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) of its arguments, which must be integers.
https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations
As with all the other _= operators, ^= assigns the result back to the variable: a =^ b is eqivalent to a = a ^ b.
As a function it is __ixor__ (or operator.ixor), and may have different behaviour for non-integer types.
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
OrangeDog
20.7k561135
What do you mean with "on an object"? Everything in Python is an object, and it may or may not have__ixor__implemented.
– timgeb
Nov 26 '18 at 11:29
Ah, okay. I wasn't sure if you were trying to say that numbers are primitive data types like in Java (your top tag).
– timgeb
Nov 26 '18 at 11:56
add a comment |
The
^operator yields the bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) of its arguments, which must be integers.
https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations
As with all the other _= operators, ^= assigns the result back to the variable: a =^ b is eqivalent to a = a ^ b.
As a function it is __ixor__ (or operator.ixor), and may have different behaviour for non-integer types.
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
OrangeDog
20.7k561135
What do you mean with "on an object"? Everything in Python is an object, and it may or may not have__ixor__implemented.
– timgeb
Nov 26 '18 at 11:29
Ah, okay. I wasn't sure if you were trying to say that numbers are primitive data types like in Java (your top tag).
– timgeb
Nov 26 '18 at 11:56
add a comment |
The
^operator yields the bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) of its arguments, which must be integers.
https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations
As with all the other _= operators, ^= assigns the result back to the variable: a =^ b is eqivalent to a = a ^ b.
As a function it is __ixor__ (or operator.ixor), and may have different behaviour for non-integer types.
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
OrangeDog
20.7k561135
The
^operator yields the bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) of its arguments, which must be integers.
https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations
As with all the other _= operators, ^= assigns the result back to the variable: a =^ b is eqivalent to a = a ^ b.
As a function it is __ixor__ (or operator.ixor), and may have different behaviour for non-integer types.
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
OrangeDog
20.7k561135
edited Nov 26 '18 at 11:53
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
OrangeDog
20.7k561135
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
OrangeDog
20.7k561135
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
OrangeDog
20.7k561135
20.7k561135
What do you mean with "on an object"? Everything in Python is an object, and it may or may not have__ixor__implemented.
– timgeb
Nov 26 '18 at 11:29
Ah, okay. I wasn't sure if you were trying to say that numbers are primitive data types like in Java (your top tag).
– timgeb
Nov 26 '18 at 11:56
add a comment |
What do you mean with "on an object"? Everything in Python is an object, and it may or may not have__ixor__implemented.
– timgeb
Nov 26 '18 at 11:29
Ah, okay. I wasn't sure if you were trying to say that numbers are primitive data types like in Java (your top tag).
– timgeb
Nov 26 '18 at 11:56
What do you mean with "on an object"? Everything in Python is an object, and it may or may not have
__ixor__ implemented.– timgeb
Nov 26 '18 at 11:29
What do you mean with "on an object"? Everything in Python is an object, and it may or may not have
__ixor__ implemented.– timgeb
Nov 26 '18 at 11:29
Ah, okay. I wasn't sure if you were trying to say that numbers are primitive data types like in Java (your top tag).
– timgeb
Nov 26 '18 at 11:56
Ah, okay. I wasn't sure if you were trying to say that numbers are primitive data types like in Java (your top tag).
– timgeb
Nov 26 '18 at 11:56
add a comment |
The special method that relates to ^= and is called behind the curtains is __ixor__. The special method that relates to ^ is __xor__. They don't have to behave the same.
__ixor__ is the Augmented Assignment variant of __xor__, performing inplace operations when possible, and falling back to __xor__ when __ixor__ is not implemented.
In principle, the return value of the method is completely up to the implementation of __ixor__, but there are some common use cases.
For two sets, a ^= b computes the symmetric difference of the sets a and b (all elements present in exactly one of the two sets) and mutates a.
>>> a = {1, 2, 3}
>>> b = {1, 4, 5}
>>> reference = a
>>>
>>> a ^= b
>>> a
{2, 3, 4, 5}
>>> reference
{2, 3, 4, 5}
Note that a has been mutated in place, thus a and reference both point to the same set object {2, 3, 4, 5} in memory. Thus ^= behaves differently from ^ in this case, which builds a new set as shown below.
>>> a = {1, 2, 3}
>>> b = {1, 4, 5}
>>> reference = a
>>> a = a^b
>>> a
{2, 3, 4, 5}
>>> reference
{1, 2, 3}
Note that a = a^b has built a new set to which the name a has been reassigned and reference still refers to the original set {1, 2, 3}.
For builtin immutable types (like integers), a ^= b is indeed equivalent to a = a^b. Since integers have no __ixor__ method, Python falls back to using __xor__.
In the case of integers a ^= b performs a bitwise-non-equal operation and the name a is reassigned to the result of that computation.
Demo:
>>> a = 5
>>> b = 6
>>> a^b
3
Explanation:
101 (5 decimal)
XOR 110 (6 decimal)
-------------------
011 (3 decimal)
answered Nov 19 '18 at 13:42
timgeb
49.3k116390
add a comment |
The special method that relates to ^= and is called behind the curtains is __ixor__. The special method that relates to ^ is __xor__. They don't have to behave the same.
__ixor__ is the Augmented Assignment variant of __xor__, performing inplace operations when possible, and falling back to __xor__ when __ixor__ is not implemented.
In principle, the return value of the method is completely up to the implementation of __ixor__, but there are some common use cases.
For two sets, a ^= b computes the symmetric difference of the sets a and b (all elements present in exactly one of the two sets) and mutates a.
>>> a = {1, 2, 3}
>>> b = {1, 4, 5}
>>> reference = a
>>>
>>> a ^= b
>>> a
{2, 3, 4, 5}
>>> reference
{2, 3, 4, 5}
Note that a has been mutated in place, thus a and reference both point to the same set object {2, 3, 4, 5} in memory. Thus ^= behaves differently from ^ in this case, which builds a new set as shown below.
>>> a = {1, 2, 3}
>>> b = {1, 4, 5}
>>> reference = a
>>> a = a^b
>>> a
{2, 3, 4, 5}
>>> reference
{1, 2, 3}
Note that a = a^b has built a new set to which the name a has been reassigned and reference still refers to the original set {1, 2, 3}.
For builtin immutable types (like integers), a ^= b is indeed equivalent to a = a^b. Since integers have no __ixor__ method, Python falls back to using __xor__.
In the case of integers a ^= b performs a bitwise-non-equal operation and the name a is reassigned to the result of that computation.
Demo:
>>> a = 5
>>> b = 6
>>> a^b
3
Explanation:
101 (5 decimal)
XOR 110 (6 decimal)
-------------------
011 (3 decimal)
answered Nov 19 '18 at 13:42
timgeb
49.3k116390
add a comment |
The special method that relates to ^= and is called behind the curtains is __ixor__. The special method that relates to ^ is __xor__. They don't have to behave the same.
__ixor__ is the Augmented Assignment variant of __xor__, performing inplace operations when possible, and falling back to __xor__ when __ixor__ is not implemented.
In principle, the return value of the method is completely up to the implementation of __ixor__, but there are some common use cases.
For two sets, a ^= b computes the symmetric difference of the sets a and b (all elements present in exactly one of the two sets) and mutates a.
>>> a = {1, 2, 3}
>>> b = {1, 4, 5}
>>> reference = a
>>>
>>> a ^= b
>>> a
{2, 3, 4, 5}
>>> reference
{2, 3, 4, 5}
Note that a has been mutated in place, thus a and reference both point to the same set object {2, 3, 4, 5} in memory. Thus ^= behaves differently from ^ in this case, which builds a new set as shown below.
>>> a = {1, 2, 3}
>>> b = {1, 4, 5}
>>> reference = a
>>> a = a^b
>>> a
{2, 3, 4, 5}
>>> reference
{1, 2, 3}
Note that a = a^b has built a new set to which the name a has been reassigned and reference still refers to the original set {1, 2, 3}.
For builtin immutable types (like integers), a ^= b is indeed equivalent to a = a^b. Since integers have no __ixor__ method, Python falls back to using __xor__.
In the case of integers a ^= b performs a bitwise-non-equal operation and the name a is reassigned to the result of that computation.
Demo:
>>> a = 5
>>> b = 6
>>> a^b
3
Explanation:
101 (5 decimal)
XOR 110 (6 decimal)
-------------------
011 (3 decimal)
answered Nov 19 '18 at 13:42
timgeb
49.3k116390
The special method that relates to ^= and is called behind the curtains is __ixor__. The special method that relates to ^ is __xor__. They don't have to behave the same.
__ixor__ is the Augmented Assignment variant of __xor__, performing inplace operations when possible, and falling back to __xor__ when __ixor__ is not implemented.
In principle, the return value of the method is completely up to the implementation of __ixor__, but there are some common use cases.
For two sets, a ^= b computes the symmetric difference of the sets a and b (all elements present in exactly one of the two sets) and mutates a.
>>> a = {1, 2, 3}
>>> b = {1, 4, 5}
>>> reference = a
>>>
>>> a ^= b
>>> a
{2, 3, 4, 5}
>>> reference
{2, 3, 4, 5}
Note that a has been mutated in place, thus a and reference both point to the same set object {2, 3, 4, 5} in memory. Thus ^= behaves differently from ^ in this case, which builds a new set as shown below.
>>> a = {1, 2, 3}
>>> b = {1, 4, 5}
>>> reference = a
>>> a = a^b
>>> a
{2, 3, 4, 5}
>>> reference
{1, 2, 3}
Note that a = a^b has built a new set to which the name a has been reassigned and reference still refers to the original set {1, 2, 3}.
For builtin immutable types (like integers), a ^= b is indeed equivalent to a = a^b. Since integers have no __ixor__ method, Python falls back to using __xor__.
In the case of integers a ^= b performs a bitwise-non-equal operation and the name a is reassigned to the result of that computation.
Demo:
>>> a = 5
>>> b = 6
>>> a^b
3
Explanation:
101 (5 decimal)
XOR 110 (6 decimal)
-------------------
011 (3 decimal)
answered Nov 19 '18 at 13:42
timgeb
49.3k116390
answered Nov 19 '18 at 13:42
timgeb
49.3k116390
answered Nov 19 '18 at 13:42
timgeb
49.3k116390
answered Nov 19 '18 at 13:42
timgeb
49.3k116390
49.3k116390
add a comment |
add a comment |
It is XOR. https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations
For example:
9 ^ 1
Output:
8
Because in binary 9 is 101, then 1 is 001.
XOR operation mean:
101
001
output:
100 #or 8 in natural number
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
Rudolf Morkovskyi
720117
add a comment |
It is XOR. https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations
For example:
9 ^ 1
Output:
8
Because in binary 9 is 101, then 1 is 001.
XOR operation mean:
101
001
output:
100 #or 8 in natural number
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
Rudolf Morkovskyi
720117
add a comment |
It is XOR. https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations
For example:
9 ^ 1
Output:
8
Because in binary 9 is 101, then 1 is 001.
XOR operation mean:
101
001
output:
100 #or 8 in natural number
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
Rudolf Morkovskyi
720117
It is XOR. https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#binary-bitwise-operations
For example:
9 ^ 1
Output:
8
Because in binary 9 is 101, then 1 is 001.
XOR operation mean:
101
001
output:
100 #or 8 in natural number
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
Rudolf Morkovskyi
720117
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
Rudolf Morkovskyi
720117
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
Rudolf Morkovskyi
720117
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:53
Rudolf Morkovskyi
720117
720117
add a comment |
add a comment |
a ^= b equialent to a = a^b
^ - is XOR operator
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:54
Alexander Tolkachev
672514
add a comment |
a ^= b equialent to a = a^b
^ - is XOR operator
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:54
Alexander Tolkachev
672514
add a comment |
a ^= b equialent to a = a^b
^ - is XOR operator
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:54
Alexander Tolkachev
672514
a ^= b equialent to a = a^b
^ - is XOR operator
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:54
Alexander Tolkachev
672514
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:54
Alexander Tolkachev
672514
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:54
Alexander Tolkachev
672514
answered Nov 19 '18 at 12:54
Alexander Tolkachev
672514
672514
add a comment |
add a comment |
Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow!
- Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
- Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
- Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.
Some of your past answers have not been well-received, and you're in danger of being blocked from answering.
Please pay close attention to the following guidance:
- Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
- Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
- Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fstackoverflow.com%2fquestions%2f53375038%2foperator-in-python%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
In my experience, the Python docs are absurdly hard to Google. Including "Python language reference" in your search can often lead to better results.
– JETM
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
it is xor......
– mehrdad-pedramfar
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
2
It is not exactly the same as the question I linked, though.
^is the XOR operator.^=is the XOR-assignment operator, soa ^= bmeans "assigna XOR btoa".– jdehesa
Nov 19 '18 at 12:55
For some reason, the python docs don't list
^=in the assignment operators reference.– OrangeDog
Nov 19 '18 at 14:03