公務員








公務員（こうむいん、英: public servant, civil servant）は、国および地方自治体、国際機関等の公務（en:public service）を執行する人のこと。または、その身分のこと。国際機関の職員は国際公務員といい、中央政府に属する公務員を国家公務員、地方政府（地方自治体）に属する公務員を地方公務員という。


公務員の身分と職の関係については、アメリカと日本は、はじめに公務員の職（または官職）があって、法令で定められた方法により特定の職にあてられた者が公務員の身分を取得するという公務員制度を持っている。これに対してフランスやドイツなどのヨーロッパ大陸諸国は、はじめに官吏という身分が存在し、法令に基づいて官吏の身分に任命された者が特定の職に補せられるという制度である。



日本


「日本の公務員」を参照


脚注


[ヘルプ]




関連項目



  • 官業

  • 官僚

  • 官僚制


  • 資格任用制（メリット・システム）

  • 企業








Popular posts from this blog

MongoDB - Not Authorized To Execute Command

Image
.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty{ height:90px;width:728px;box-sizing:border-box; } 0 I have successfully enabled authorization on MongoDB and I have created an account on the admin database and then I created an account for my database called test. The following connection string to connect to my test database works successfully: mongo --host 192.168.17.52 --port 27017 -u user1 -p password --authenticationDatabase test Only problem I have now is, I cannot execute commands such as: show dbs. I get the following error when I try to do so: "errmsg" : "not authorized on admin to execute command { listDatabases: 1.0, lsid: { id: UUID("a1d5bc0d-bc58-485e-b232-270758a89455") }, $db: "admin...
Read more

How to fix TextFormField cause rebuild widget in Flutter

Image
.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty{ height:90px;width:728px;box-sizing:border-box; } 0 I've got the same issue at #9280. I tried all solutions from that topic with/without GlobalKey for Scaffold and Form but the problem wasn't fixed. I tried to build a authentication form with login and signup. But the keyboard doesn't show when I tap the TextFormField at the first time. Then I try to input some letter from physical keyboard, the widget is rebuilt. Like this: login screen Nothing to be log when I run flutter run --verbose, so I logged manually. Every tapping on field, the widget called dispose -> init -> build. [√] Flutter (Channel beta, v1.0.0, on Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.17763.195], ...
Read more

in spring boot 2.1 many test slices are not allowed anymore due to multiple @BootstrapWith

Image
1 I tried to upgrade a yummy sandwich made of two test slices (@JsonTest and @JdbcTest in my case, crunchy test code in between) adding spring boot 2.1 flavour to it. But it seems it was not much of a success. I cannot annotate my tests with many @...Test since they are now each bringing their own XxxTestContextBootstrapper. It used to work when they all used same SpringBootTestContextBootstrapper. @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @JdbcTest @JsonTest public class Test { @Test public void test() { System.out.printn("Hello, World !"); } } The error I get from BootstrapUtils is illegalStateException : Configuration error: found multiple declarations of @BootstrapWith for test class I understand I might be doing something wrong here but is there an easy way I could load both Json and Jdbc contex...
Read more