Mixing
closed form for $int_{1/4}^{3/4} x^n(1-x)^n , dx$
$begingroup$
The integrand being a polynomial, I used the binomial formula to separate the monomials:
$$int_{frac{1}{4}}^{frac{3}{4}} x^n(1-x)^n , dx = sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}int_{frac{1}{4}}^{frac{3}{4}} x^{n+k} , dx = sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}left[frac{(frac{3}{4})^{n+k+1}-(frac{1}{4})^{n+k+1}}{n+k+1}right]. $$
I'm looking to get a closed form of the following sum or at least make it 'nicer' in terms of looks:
$$f(a) =sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}frac{a^{n+k+1}}{n+k+1},,, 0<a < 1.$$
We have $$f'(a) =sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}a^{n+k} $$
Then :
$$f'(a) =a^n(-1)^nsum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{n-k}a^{k} = a^n(-1)^{n}(a-1)^n = a^n(1-a)^n $$
so we are back to square one.
Past this circular simplification, I thought of integrating but that will just make the formula much messier.
Maybe there's another approach?
Edit 1: My main goal is to get a closed form of the integral, so if $frac14$ and $frac34$ give some cancellations, it would be great if someone pointed them out.
Edit 2: the original problem :
let $(X_1,cdots,X_{2n+1})$ be a $2n+1$ sample of independant, identically distributed random variables that are uniformly distributed over $[0,1]$
-Find the probability that the median $in [frac14,frac34]$.
Edit 3:
using @JamesArathoon Observation
$$begin{align}I_n & =int_0^1 x^n (1-x)^n , dx-2int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1-x)^n , dx = B(n+1,n+1) - 2B(frac14;n+1,n+1)
end{align}$$
where first special function is the beta function and second one is the incomplete beta.
$$begin{align}I_n & = B(n+1,n+1) - 2B(frac14;n+1,n+1) = frac{Gamma^2(n+1)}{Gamma(2n+2)} -frac{2}{4^{n+1}n+1}{_{2}}F_{1}(n+1,-n,n+2,frac{1}{4}) \
&=frac{(n^2)!}{(2n+1)!} -frac{2}{4^{n+1}n+1} {_{2}}F_{1}(n+1,-n,n+2,frac{1}{4})
end{align}$$
because one of the arguments of the hypergeomtric function is negative then the series terminates and is given by
$$begin{align}{_{2}}F_{1}(n+1,-n,n+2,frac{1}{4}) &= sum_{k=0}^{n} (-1)^k binom{n}{k} frac{(n+1)_k}{4^k(n+2)_k} \
&= 1 + sum_{k=1}^{n} (-1)^k frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} frac{(n+1)(n+2)cdots(n+k)}{4^k(n+2)(n+3)cdots(n+k+1)} \
&=1 + sum_{k=1}^{n} (-1)^k frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} frac{(n+1)}{4^k(n+k+1)} \
end{align}$$
now that looks like it's got the potential to be turned into a binomial formula with $a = -1, b = frac14$
but I still can't see it
Thanks in advance!
integration sequences-and-series definite-integrals summation closed-form
asked Jan 30 at 19:22
rapidracimrapidracim
1,7291419
$endgroup$
|
show 4 more comments
$begingroup$
The integrand being a polynomial, I used the binomial formula to separate the monomials:
$$int_{frac{1}{4}}^{frac{3}{4}} x^n(1-x)^n , dx = sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}int_{frac{1}{4}}^{frac{3}{4}} x^{n+k} , dx = sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}left[frac{(frac{3}{4})^{n+k+1}-(frac{1}{4})^{n+k+1}}{n+k+1}right]. $$
I'm looking to get a closed form of the following sum or at least make it 'nicer' in terms of looks:
$$f(a) =sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}frac{a^{n+k+1}}{n+k+1},,, 0<a < 1.$$
We have $$f'(a) =sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}a^{n+k} $$
Then :
$$f'(a) =a^n(-1)^nsum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{n-k}a^{k} = a^n(-1)^{n}(a-1)^n = a^n(1-a)^n $$
so we are back to square one.
Past this circular simplification, I thought of integrating but that will just make the formula much messier.
Maybe there's another approach?
Edit 1: My main goal is to get a closed form of the integral, so if $frac14$ and $frac34$ give some cancellations, it would be great if someone pointed them out.
Edit 2: the original problem :
let $(X_1,cdots,X_{2n+1})$ be a $2n+1$ sample of independant, identically distributed random variables that are uniformly distributed over $[0,1]$
-Find the probability that the median $in [frac14,frac34]$.
Edit 3:
using @JamesArathoon Observation
$$begin{align}I_n & =int_0^1 x^n (1-x)^n , dx-2int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1-x)^n , dx = B(n+1,n+1) - 2B(frac14;n+1,n+1)
end{align}$$
where first special function is the beta function and second one is the incomplete beta.
$$begin{align}I_n & = B(n+1,n+1) - 2B(frac14;n+1,n+1) = frac{Gamma^2(n+1)}{Gamma(2n+2)} -frac{2}{4^{n+1}n+1}{_{2}}F_{1}(n+1,-n,n+2,frac{1}{4}) \
&=frac{(n^2)!}{(2n+1)!} -frac{2}{4^{n+1}n+1} {_{2}}F_{1}(n+1,-n,n+2,frac{1}{4})
end{align}$$
because one of the arguments of the hypergeomtric function is negative then the series terminates and is given by
$$begin{align}{_{2}}F_{1}(n+1,-n,n+2,frac{1}{4}) &= sum_{k=0}^{n} (-1)^k binom{n}{k} frac{(n+1)_k}{4^k(n+2)_k} \
&= 1 + sum_{k=1}^{n} (-1)^k frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} frac{(n+1)(n+2)cdots(n+k)}{4^k(n+2)(n+3)cdots(n+k+1)} \
&=1 + sum_{k=1}^{n} (-1)^k frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} frac{(n+1)}{4^k(n+k+1)} \
end{align}$$
now that looks like it's got the potential to be turned into a binomial formula with $a = -1, b = frac14$
but I still can't see it
Thanks in advance!
integration sequences-and-series definite-integrals summation closed-form
asked Jan 30 at 19:22
rapidracimrapidracim
1,7291419
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
Is this an $XY$ problem? The result depends on $n$. What is the motivation for finding a "closed form"? Where are these two numbers $1/4$ and $3/4$ from?
$endgroup$
– user587192
Jan 30 at 19:35
$begingroup$
I'd do some graph transformations to make the endpoints $0$ and $1$ to start with. Resulting in $$2^{4n-1}int_0^1(2x+1)^n(3-2x)^n dx,.$$ These integrals are invariably related to $$int_0^1 x^m(1-x)^n dx$$ however, I've rarely seen them cut off or dilated. I half expect an incomplete $Gamma$ or $B$ function to appear.
$endgroup$
– Robert Wolfe
Jan 30 at 19:39
1
$begingroup$
Using a natural substitution $x=frac12-u$ (to center things), you end up with the integral $$4^{-2n}int_{-1/4}^{1/4}(1-4u^2)^{2n},du.$$ As far as techniques go, this is a prototypical example for trigonometric substitutions; the problem is that it ends up where you're already at, I think (I didn't work it out, though).
$endgroup$
– Clayton
Jan 30 at 19:49
1
$begingroup$
Since $int_0^{1/4} x^n (1-x)^n , dx=int_{3/4}^{1 } x^n (1-x)^n , dx$ you can write $$I_n=int_0^1 x^n (1-x)^n , dx-2int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1-x)^n , dx$$ which might simplify things slightly.
$endgroup$
– James Arathoon
Jan 30 at 20:50
1
$begingroup$
@user587192 I added the original problem to my post.
$endgroup$
– rapidracim
Jan 30 at 21:06
|
show 4 more comments
$begingroup$
The integrand being a polynomial, I used the binomial formula to separate the monomials:
$$int_{frac{1}{4}}^{frac{3}{4}} x^n(1-x)^n , dx = sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}int_{frac{1}{4}}^{frac{3}{4}} x^{n+k} , dx = sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}left[frac{(frac{3}{4})^{n+k+1}-(frac{1}{4})^{n+k+1}}{n+k+1}right]. $$
I'm looking to get a closed form of the following sum or at least make it 'nicer' in terms of looks:
$$f(a) =sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}frac{a^{n+k+1}}{n+k+1},,, 0<a < 1.$$
We have $$f'(a) =sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}a^{n+k} $$
Then :
$$f'(a) =a^n(-1)^nsum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{n-k}a^{k} = a^n(-1)^{n}(a-1)^n = a^n(1-a)^n $$
so we are back to square one.
Past this circular simplification, I thought of integrating but that will just make the formula much messier.
Maybe there's another approach?
Edit 1: My main goal is to get a closed form of the integral, so if $frac14$ and $frac34$ give some cancellations, it would be great if someone pointed them out.
Edit 2: the original problem :
let $(X_1,cdots,X_{2n+1})$ be a $2n+1$ sample of independant, identically distributed random variables that are uniformly distributed over $[0,1]$
-Find the probability that the median $in [frac14,frac34]$.
Edit 3:
using @JamesArathoon Observation
$$begin{align}I_n & =int_0^1 x^n (1-x)^n , dx-2int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1-x)^n , dx = B(n+1,n+1) - 2B(frac14;n+1,n+1)
end{align}$$
where first special function is the beta function and second one is the incomplete beta.
$$begin{align}I_n & = B(n+1,n+1) - 2B(frac14;n+1,n+1) = frac{Gamma^2(n+1)}{Gamma(2n+2)} -frac{2}{4^{n+1}n+1}{_{2}}F_{1}(n+1,-n,n+2,frac{1}{4}) \
&=frac{(n^2)!}{(2n+1)!} -frac{2}{4^{n+1}n+1} {_{2}}F_{1}(n+1,-n,n+2,frac{1}{4})
end{align}$$
because one of the arguments of the hypergeomtric function is negative then the series terminates and is given by
$$begin{align}{_{2}}F_{1}(n+1,-n,n+2,frac{1}{4}) &= sum_{k=0}^{n} (-1)^k binom{n}{k} frac{(n+1)_k}{4^k(n+2)_k} \
&= 1 + sum_{k=1}^{n} (-1)^k frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} frac{(n+1)(n+2)cdots(n+k)}{4^k(n+2)(n+3)cdots(n+k+1)} \
&=1 + sum_{k=1}^{n} (-1)^k frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} frac{(n+1)}{4^k(n+k+1)} \
end{align}$$
now that looks like it's got the potential to be turned into a binomial formula with $a = -1, b = frac14$
but I still can't see it
Thanks in advance!
integration sequences-and-series definite-integrals summation closed-form
asked Jan 30 at 19:22
rapidracimrapidracim
1,7291419
$endgroup$
The integrand being a polynomial, I used the binomial formula to separate the monomials:
$$int_{frac{1}{4}}^{frac{3}{4}} x^n(1-x)^n , dx = sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}int_{frac{1}{4}}^{frac{3}{4}} x^{n+k} , dx = sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}left[frac{(frac{3}{4})^{n+k+1}-(frac{1}{4})^{n+k+1}}{n+k+1}right]. $$
I'm looking to get a closed form of the following sum or at least make it 'nicer' in terms of looks:
$$f(a) =sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}frac{a^{n+k+1}}{n+k+1},,, 0<a < 1.$$
We have $$f'(a) =sum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{k}a^{n+k} $$
Then :
$$f'(a) =a^n(-1)^nsum_{k = 0}^{n}{ n choose k}(-1)^{n-k}a^{k} = a^n(-1)^{n}(a-1)^n = a^n(1-a)^n $$
so we are back to square one.
Past this circular simplification, I thought of integrating but that will just make the formula much messier.
Maybe there's another approach?
Edit 1: My main goal is to get a closed form of the integral, so if $frac14$ and $frac34$ give some cancellations, it would be great if someone pointed them out.
Edit 2: the original problem :
let $(X_1,cdots,X_{2n+1})$ be a $2n+1$ sample of independant, identically distributed random variables that are uniformly distributed over $[0,1]$
-Find the probability that the median $in [frac14,frac34]$.
Edit 3:
using @JamesArathoon Observation
$$begin{align}I_n & =int_0^1 x^n (1-x)^n , dx-2int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1-x)^n , dx = B(n+1,n+1) - 2B(frac14;n+1,n+1)
end{align}$$
where first special function is the beta function and second one is the incomplete beta.
$$begin{align}I_n & = B(n+1,n+1) - 2B(frac14;n+1,n+1) = frac{Gamma^2(n+1)}{Gamma(2n+2)} -frac{2}{4^{n+1}n+1}{_{2}}F_{1}(n+1,-n,n+2,frac{1}{4}) \
&=frac{(n^2)!}{(2n+1)!} -frac{2}{4^{n+1}n+1} {_{2}}F_{1}(n+1,-n,n+2,frac{1}{4})
end{align}$$
because one of the arguments of the hypergeomtric function is negative then the series terminates and is given by
$$begin{align}{_{2}}F_{1}(n+1,-n,n+2,frac{1}{4}) &= sum_{k=0}^{n} (-1)^k binom{n}{k} frac{(n+1)_k}{4^k(n+2)_k} \
&= 1 + sum_{k=1}^{n} (-1)^k frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} frac{(n+1)(n+2)cdots(n+k)}{4^k(n+2)(n+3)cdots(n+k+1)} \
&=1 + sum_{k=1}^{n} (-1)^k frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} frac{(n+1)}{4^k(n+k+1)} \
end{align}$$
now that looks like it's got the potential to be turned into a binomial formula with $a = -1, b = frac14$
but I still can't see it
Thanks in advance!
integration sequences-and-series definite-integrals summation closed-form
integration sequences-and-series definite-integrals summation closed-form
asked Jan 30 at 19:22
rapidracimrapidracim
1,7291419
asked Jan 30 at 19:22
rapidracimrapidracim
1,7291419
edited Jan 30 at 21:55
rapidracim
asked Jan 30 at 19:22
rapidracimrapidracim
1,7291419
asked Jan 30 at 19:22
rapidracimrapidracim
1,7291419
asked Jan 30 at 19:22
rapidracimrapidracim
1,7291419
1,7291419
$begingroup$
Is this an $XY$ problem? The result depends on $n$. What is the motivation for finding a "closed form"? Where are these two numbers $1/4$ and $3/4$ from?
$endgroup$
– user587192
Jan 30 at 19:35
$begingroup$
I'd do some graph transformations to make the endpoints $0$ and $1$ to start with. Resulting in $$2^{4n-1}int_0^1(2x+1)^n(3-2x)^n dx,.$$ These integrals are invariably related to $$int_0^1 x^m(1-x)^n dx$$ however, I've rarely seen them cut off or dilated. I half expect an incomplete $Gamma$ or $B$ function to appear.
$endgroup$
– Robert Wolfe
Jan 30 at 19:39
1
$begingroup$
Using a natural substitution $x=frac12-u$ (to center things), you end up with the integral $$4^{-2n}int_{-1/4}^{1/4}(1-4u^2)^{2n},du.$$ As far as techniques go, this is a prototypical example for trigonometric substitutions; the problem is that it ends up where you're already at, I think (I didn't work it out, though).
$endgroup$
– Clayton
Jan 30 at 19:49
1
$begingroup$
Since $int_0^{1/4} x^n (1-x)^n , dx=int_{3/4}^{1 } x^n (1-x)^n , dx$ you can write $$I_n=int_0^1 x^n (1-x)^n , dx-2int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1-x)^n , dx$$ which might simplify things slightly.
$endgroup$
– James Arathoon
Jan 30 at 20:50
1
$begingroup$
@user587192 I added the original problem to my post.
$endgroup$
– rapidracim
Jan 30 at 21:06
|
show 4 more comments
$begingroup$
Is this an $XY$ problem? The result depends on $n$. What is the motivation for finding a "closed form"? Where are these two numbers $1/4$ and $3/4$ from?
$endgroup$
– user587192
Jan 30 at 19:35
$begingroup$
I'd do some graph transformations to make the endpoints $0$ and $1$ to start with. Resulting in $$2^{4n-1}int_0^1(2x+1)^n(3-2x)^n dx,.$$ These integrals are invariably related to $$int_0^1 x^m(1-x)^n dx$$ however, I've rarely seen them cut off or dilated. I half expect an incomplete $Gamma$ or $B$ function to appear.
$endgroup$
– Robert Wolfe
Jan 30 at 19:39
1
$begingroup$
Using a natural substitution $x=frac12-u$ (to center things), you end up with the integral $$4^{-2n}int_{-1/4}^{1/4}(1-4u^2)^{2n},du.$$ As far as techniques go, this is a prototypical example for trigonometric substitutions; the problem is that it ends up where you're already at, I think (I didn't work it out, though).
$endgroup$
– Clayton
Jan 30 at 19:49
1
$begingroup$
Since $int_0^{1/4} x^n (1-x)^n , dx=int_{3/4}^{1 } x^n (1-x)^n , dx$ you can write $$I_n=int_0^1 x^n (1-x)^n , dx-2int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1-x)^n , dx$$ which might simplify things slightly.
$endgroup$
– James Arathoon
Jan 30 at 20:50
1
$begingroup$
@user587192 I added the original problem to my post.
$endgroup$
– rapidracim
Jan 30 at 21:06
$begingroup$
Is this an $XY$ problem? The result depends on $n$. What is the motivation for finding a "closed form"? Where are these two numbers $1/4$ and $3/4$ from?
$endgroup$
– user587192
Jan 30 at 19:35
$begingroup$
Is this an $XY$ problem? The result depends on $n$. What is the motivation for finding a "closed form"? Where are these two numbers $1/4$ and $3/4$ from?
$endgroup$
– user587192
Jan 30 at 19:35
$begingroup$
I'd do some graph transformations to make the endpoints $0$ and $1$ to start with. Resulting in $$2^{4n-1}int_0^1(2x+1)^n(3-2x)^n dx,.$$ These integrals are invariably related to $$int_0^1 x^m(1-x)^n dx$$ however, I've rarely seen them cut off or dilated. I half expect an incomplete $Gamma$ or $B$ function to appear.
$endgroup$
– Robert Wolfe
Jan 30 at 19:39
$begingroup$
I'd do some graph transformations to make the endpoints $0$ and $1$ to start with. Resulting in $$2^{4n-1}int_0^1(2x+1)^n(3-2x)^n dx,.$$ These integrals are invariably related to $$int_0^1 x^m(1-x)^n dx$$ however, I've rarely seen them cut off or dilated. I half expect an incomplete $Gamma$ or $B$ function to appear.
$endgroup$
– Robert Wolfe
Jan 30 at 19:39
1
1
$begingroup$
Using a natural substitution $x=frac12-u$ (to center things), you end up with the integral $$4^{-2n}int_{-1/4}^{1/4}(1-4u^2)^{2n},du.$$ As far as techniques go, this is a prototypical example for trigonometric substitutions; the problem is that it ends up where you're already at, I think (I didn't work it out, though).
$endgroup$
– Clayton
Jan 30 at 19:49
$begingroup$
Using a natural substitution $x=frac12-u$ (to center things), you end up with the integral $$4^{-2n}int_{-1/4}^{1/4}(1-4u^2)^{2n},du.$$ As far as techniques go, this is a prototypical example for trigonometric substitutions; the problem is that it ends up where you're already at, I think (I didn't work it out, though).
$endgroup$
– Clayton
Jan 30 at 19:49
1
1
$begingroup$
Since $int_0^{1/4} x^n (1-x)^n , dx=int_{3/4}^{1 } x^n (1-x)^n , dx$ you can write $$I_n=int_0^1 x^n (1-x)^n , dx-2int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1-x)^n , dx$$ which might simplify things slightly.
$endgroup$
– James Arathoon
Jan 30 at 20:50
$begingroup$
Since $int_0^{1/4} x^n (1-x)^n , dx=int_{3/4}^{1 } x^n (1-x)^n , dx$ you can write $$I_n=int_0^1 x^n (1-x)^n , dx-2int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1-x)^n , dx$$ which might simplify things slightly.
$endgroup$
– James Arathoon
Jan 30 at 20:50
1
1
$begingroup$
@user587192 I added the original problem to my post.
$endgroup$
– rapidracim
Jan 30 at 21:06
$begingroup$
@user587192 I added the original problem to my post.
$endgroup$
– rapidracim
Jan 30 at 21:06
|
show 4 more comments
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
Here is an attempt along lines that have been suggested in the comments.
Let
$$I_n = int_{frac{1}{4}}^{frac{3}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx, qquad n in mathbb{N}.$$
From properties of the definite integral we may write
$$I_n = int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^n , dx - int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx - int_{frac{3}{4}}^{1} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx. tag1$$
Noting that (to see this, enforce of substitution of $x mapsto 1 - x$ in the integral to the right)
$$int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx = int_{frac{3}{4}}^{1} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx,$$
(1) can be rewritten as
$$I_n = int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^n , dx - 2int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx tag2$$
The first of these integrals is a standard beta function. Here
$$int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^n , dx = operatorname{B} (n + 1,n+1) = frac{1}{(2n + 1) binom{2n}{n}}.$$
The second of the integrals is an incomplete beta function. Here
$$int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx = operatorname{B} left (frac{1}{4}; n + 1, n+ 1 right ).$$
Thus (2) becomes
$$I_n = frac{1}{(2n + 1) binom{2n}{n}} - 2 operatorname{B} left (frac{1}{4}; n + 1, n + 1 right ). tag3$$
If it helps, (3) can be rewritten in terms of the hypergeometric function $_2 F_1 (a,b;c;x)$. Using, for example, the first of the results found here, namely
$$operatorname{B} (x;a,b) = frac{x^a}{a} {_2} F_1 (a, 1 - b; a + 1; x),$$
(3) becomes
$$I_n = frac{1}{(2n + 1) binom{2n}{n}} - frac{1}{2 cdot 4^n (n + 1)} {_2} F_1 left (n + 1, -n; n + 2; frac{1}{4} right ).$$
Of course, one of the other forms for the incomplete beta function in terms of the hypergeometric function found in the link may be more useful for your particular purpose.
Update
To arrive at the result given by the OP in Edit 3, use of the incomplete beta function or the hypergeometric function can be avoid altogether. By making use of the binomial expansion in the second of the integrals appearing in (2) we are taken directly to
begin{align}
int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx &= sum_{k = 0}^n binom{n}{k} (-1)^k int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^{n + k} , dx\
&= frac{1}{4^{n + 1}} sum_{k = 0}^n binom{n}{k} frac{(-1)^k}{4^k (n + k + 1)}.
end{align}
As this sum consists of a finite number of terms it is in closed form but it would of course be nice if it could be written more compactly using less terms.
answered Jan 30 at 21:23
omegadotomegadot
6,2692829
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
I was able to simplify it slightly more starting from that formula, see my post
$endgroup$
– rapidracim
Jan 30 at 21:33
add a comment |
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$begingroup$
Here is an attempt along lines that have been suggested in the comments.
Let
$$I_n = int_{frac{1}{4}}^{frac{3}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx, qquad n in mathbb{N}.$$
From properties of the definite integral we may write
$$I_n = int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^n , dx - int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx - int_{frac{3}{4}}^{1} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx. tag1$$
Noting that (to see this, enforce of substitution of $x mapsto 1 - x$ in the integral to the right)
$$int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx = int_{frac{3}{4}}^{1} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx,$$
(1) can be rewritten as
$$I_n = int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^n , dx - 2int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx tag2$$
The first of these integrals is a standard beta function. Here
$$int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^n , dx = operatorname{B} (n + 1,n+1) = frac{1}{(2n + 1) binom{2n}{n}}.$$
The second of the integrals is an incomplete beta function. Here
$$int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx = operatorname{B} left (frac{1}{4}; n + 1, n+ 1 right ).$$
Thus (2) becomes
$$I_n = frac{1}{(2n + 1) binom{2n}{n}} - 2 operatorname{B} left (frac{1}{4}; n + 1, n + 1 right ). tag3$$
If it helps, (3) can be rewritten in terms of the hypergeometric function $_2 F_1 (a,b;c;x)$. Using, for example, the first of the results found here, namely
$$operatorname{B} (x;a,b) = frac{x^a}{a} {_2} F_1 (a, 1 - b; a + 1; x),$$
(3) becomes
$$I_n = frac{1}{(2n + 1) binom{2n}{n}} - frac{1}{2 cdot 4^n (n + 1)} {_2} F_1 left (n + 1, -n; n + 2; frac{1}{4} right ).$$
Of course, one of the other forms for the incomplete beta function in terms of the hypergeometric function found in the link may be more useful for your particular purpose.
Update
To arrive at the result given by the OP in Edit 3, use of the incomplete beta function or the hypergeometric function can be avoid altogether. By making use of the binomial expansion in the second of the integrals appearing in (2) we are taken directly to
begin{align}
int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx &= sum_{k = 0}^n binom{n}{k} (-1)^k int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^{n + k} , dx\
&= frac{1}{4^{n + 1}} sum_{k = 0}^n binom{n}{k} frac{(-1)^k}{4^k (n + k + 1)}.
end{align}
As this sum consists of a finite number of terms it is in closed form but it would of course be nice if it could be written more compactly using less terms.
answered Jan 30 at 21:23
omegadotomegadot
6,2692829
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
I was able to simplify it slightly more starting from that formula, see my post
$endgroup$
– rapidracim
Jan 30 at 21:33
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Here is an attempt along lines that have been suggested in the comments.
Let
$$I_n = int_{frac{1}{4}}^{frac{3}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx, qquad n in mathbb{N}.$$
From properties of the definite integral we may write
$$I_n = int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^n , dx - int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx - int_{frac{3}{4}}^{1} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx. tag1$$
Noting that (to see this, enforce of substitution of $x mapsto 1 - x$ in the integral to the right)
$$int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx = int_{frac{3}{4}}^{1} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx,$$
(1) can be rewritten as
$$I_n = int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^n , dx - 2int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx tag2$$
The first of these integrals is a standard beta function. Here
$$int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^n , dx = operatorname{B} (n + 1,n+1) = frac{1}{(2n + 1) binom{2n}{n}}.$$
The second of the integrals is an incomplete beta function. Here
$$int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx = operatorname{B} left (frac{1}{4}; n + 1, n+ 1 right ).$$
Thus (2) becomes
$$I_n = frac{1}{(2n + 1) binom{2n}{n}} - 2 operatorname{B} left (frac{1}{4}; n + 1, n + 1 right ). tag3$$
If it helps, (3) can be rewritten in terms of the hypergeometric function $_2 F_1 (a,b;c;x)$. Using, for example, the first of the results found here, namely
$$operatorname{B} (x;a,b) = frac{x^a}{a} {_2} F_1 (a, 1 - b; a + 1; x),$$
(3) becomes
$$I_n = frac{1}{(2n + 1) binom{2n}{n}} - frac{1}{2 cdot 4^n (n + 1)} {_2} F_1 left (n + 1, -n; n + 2; frac{1}{4} right ).$$
Of course, one of the other forms for the incomplete beta function in terms of the hypergeometric function found in the link may be more useful for your particular purpose.
Update
To arrive at the result given by the OP in Edit 3, use of the incomplete beta function or the hypergeometric function can be avoid altogether. By making use of the binomial expansion in the second of the integrals appearing in (2) we are taken directly to
begin{align}
int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx &= sum_{k = 0}^n binom{n}{k} (-1)^k int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^{n + k} , dx\
&= frac{1}{4^{n + 1}} sum_{k = 0}^n binom{n}{k} frac{(-1)^k}{4^k (n + k + 1)}.
end{align}
As this sum consists of a finite number of terms it is in closed form but it would of course be nice if it could be written more compactly using less terms.
answered Jan 30 at 21:23
omegadotomegadot
6,2692829
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
I was able to simplify it slightly more starting from that formula, see my post
$endgroup$
– rapidracim
Jan 30 at 21:33
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Here is an attempt along lines that have been suggested in the comments.
Let
$$I_n = int_{frac{1}{4}}^{frac{3}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx, qquad n in mathbb{N}.$$
From properties of the definite integral we may write
$$I_n = int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^n , dx - int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx - int_{frac{3}{4}}^{1} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx. tag1$$
Noting that (to see this, enforce of substitution of $x mapsto 1 - x$ in the integral to the right)
$$int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx = int_{frac{3}{4}}^{1} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx,$$
(1) can be rewritten as
$$I_n = int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^n , dx - 2int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx tag2$$
The first of these integrals is a standard beta function. Here
$$int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^n , dx = operatorname{B} (n + 1,n+1) = frac{1}{(2n + 1) binom{2n}{n}}.$$
The second of the integrals is an incomplete beta function. Here
$$int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx = operatorname{B} left (frac{1}{4}; n + 1, n+ 1 right ).$$
Thus (2) becomes
$$I_n = frac{1}{(2n + 1) binom{2n}{n}} - 2 operatorname{B} left (frac{1}{4}; n + 1, n + 1 right ). tag3$$
If it helps, (3) can be rewritten in terms of the hypergeometric function $_2 F_1 (a,b;c;x)$. Using, for example, the first of the results found here, namely
$$operatorname{B} (x;a,b) = frac{x^a}{a} {_2} F_1 (a, 1 - b; a + 1; x),$$
(3) becomes
$$I_n = frac{1}{(2n + 1) binom{2n}{n}} - frac{1}{2 cdot 4^n (n + 1)} {_2} F_1 left (n + 1, -n; n + 2; frac{1}{4} right ).$$
Of course, one of the other forms for the incomplete beta function in terms of the hypergeometric function found in the link may be more useful for your particular purpose.
Update
To arrive at the result given by the OP in Edit 3, use of the incomplete beta function or the hypergeometric function can be avoid altogether. By making use of the binomial expansion in the second of the integrals appearing in (2) we are taken directly to
begin{align}
int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx &= sum_{k = 0}^n binom{n}{k} (-1)^k int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^{n + k} , dx\
&= frac{1}{4^{n + 1}} sum_{k = 0}^n binom{n}{k} frac{(-1)^k}{4^k (n + k + 1)}.
end{align}
As this sum consists of a finite number of terms it is in closed form but it would of course be nice if it could be written more compactly using less terms.
answered Jan 30 at 21:23
omegadotomegadot
6,2692829
$endgroup$
Here is an attempt along lines that have been suggested in the comments.
Let
$$I_n = int_{frac{1}{4}}^{frac{3}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx, qquad n in mathbb{N}.$$
From properties of the definite integral we may write
$$I_n = int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^n , dx - int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx - int_{frac{3}{4}}^{1} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx. tag1$$
Noting that (to see this, enforce of substitution of $x mapsto 1 - x$ in the integral to the right)
$$int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx = int_{frac{3}{4}}^{1} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx,$$
(1) can be rewritten as
$$I_n = int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^n , dx - 2int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx tag2$$
The first of these integrals is a standard beta function. Here
$$int_0^1 x^n (1 - x)^n , dx = operatorname{B} (n + 1,n+1) = frac{1}{(2n + 1) binom{2n}{n}}.$$
The second of the integrals is an incomplete beta function. Here
$$int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx = operatorname{B} left (frac{1}{4}; n + 1, n+ 1 right ).$$
Thus (2) becomes
$$I_n = frac{1}{(2n + 1) binom{2n}{n}} - 2 operatorname{B} left (frac{1}{4}; n + 1, n + 1 right ). tag3$$
If it helps, (3) can be rewritten in terms of the hypergeometric function $_2 F_1 (a,b;c;x)$. Using, for example, the first of the results found here, namely
$$operatorname{B} (x;a,b) = frac{x^a}{a} {_2} F_1 (a, 1 - b; a + 1; x),$$
(3) becomes
$$I_n = frac{1}{(2n + 1) binom{2n}{n}} - frac{1}{2 cdot 4^n (n + 1)} {_2} F_1 left (n + 1, -n; n + 2; frac{1}{4} right ).$$
Of course, one of the other forms for the incomplete beta function in terms of the hypergeometric function found in the link may be more useful for your particular purpose.
Update
To arrive at the result given by the OP in Edit 3, use of the incomplete beta function or the hypergeometric function can be avoid altogether. By making use of the binomial expansion in the second of the integrals appearing in (2) we are taken directly to
begin{align}
int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1 - x)^n , dx &= sum_{k = 0}^n binom{n}{k} (-1)^k int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^{n + k} , dx\
&= frac{1}{4^{n + 1}} sum_{k = 0}^n binom{n}{k} frac{(-1)^k}{4^k (n + k + 1)}.
end{align}
As this sum consists of a finite number of terms it is in closed form but it would of course be nice if it could be written more compactly using less terms.
answered Jan 30 at 21:23
omegadotomegadot
6,2692829
edited Jan 30 at 22:01
answered Jan 30 at 21:23
omegadotomegadot
6,2692829
answered Jan 30 at 21:23
omegadotomegadot
6,2692829
answered Jan 30 at 21:23
omegadotomegadot
6,2692829
6,2692829
$begingroup$
I was able to simplify it slightly more starting from that formula, see my post
$endgroup$
– rapidracim
Jan 30 at 21:33
add a comment |
$begingroup$
I was able to simplify it slightly more starting from that formula, see my post
$endgroup$
– rapidracim
Jan 30 at 21:33
$begingroup$
I was able to simplify it slightly more starting from that formula, see my post
$endgroup$
– rapidracim
Jan 30 at 21:33
$begingroup$
I was able to simplify it slightly more starting from that formula, see my post
$endgroup$
– rapidracim
Jan 30 at 21:33
add a comment |
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$begingroup$
Is this an $XY$ problem? The result depends on $n$. What is the motivation for finding a "closed form"? Where are these two numbers $1/4$ and $3/4$ from?
$endgroup$
– user587192
Jan 30 at 19:35
$begingroup$
I'd do some graph transformations to make the endpoints $0$ and $1$ to start with. Resulting in $$2^{4n-1}int_0^1(2x+1)^n(3-2x)^n dx,.$$ These integrals are invariably related to $$int_0^1 x^m(1-x)^n dx$$ however, I've rarely seen them cut off or dilated. I half expect an incomplete $Gamma$ or $B$ function to appear.
$endgroup$
– Robert Wolfe
Jan 30 at 19:39
1
$begingroup$
Using a natural substitution $x=frac12-u$ (to center things), you end up with the integral $$4^{-2n}int_{-1/4}^{1/4}(1-4u^2)^{2n},du.$$ As far as techniques go, this is a prototypical example for trigonometric substitutions; the problem is that it ends up where you're already at, I think (I didn't work it out, though).
$endgroup$
– Clayton
Jan 30 at 19:49
1
$begingroup$
Since $int_0^{1/4} x^n (1-x)^n , dx=int_{3/4}^{1 } x^n (1-x)^n , dx$ you can write $$I_n=int_0^1 x^n (1-x)^n , dx-2int_0^{frac{1}{4}} x^n (1-x)^n , dx$$ which might simplify things slightly.
$endgroup$
– James Arathoon
Jan 30 at 20:50
1
$begingroup$
@user587192 I added the original problem to my post.
$endgroup$
– rapidracim
Jan 30 at 21:06