prove that [p!/(p-4)!] + 1 is a perfect square for all natural p.












-3












$begingroup$


one can observe that $[p!/(p-4)!] + 1$ is basically the product of four consecutive integers plus one.Since this is
$$
begin{eqnarray} p(p+1)(p+2)(p+3)+1 & = &(p^2+3p)(p^2+3p+2)+1 \
& = & [(p^2+3p+1)−1][(p^2+3p+1)+1]+1 \
& = & (p^2+3p+1)^2 end{eqnarray} $$

which is a perfect square for all natural $p$ but my teacher says that there is a more elegant method of doing it, help in any form would be appreciated.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Did you say n when you meant to say p in your title?
    $endgroup$
    – Mark
    Jan 28 at 14:19










  • $begingroup$
    Welcome to MSE! Did you mean for all natural $p$?
    $endgroup$
    – J. W. Tanner
    Jan 28 at 14:19






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Are you sure that it is $p(p+1)(p+2)(p+3)+1$ and not $p(p-1)(p-2)(p-3)+1$?
    $endgroup$
    – user 170039
    Jan 28 at 14:20






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    You are using $p$ and $n$ in confusing ways, Your target seems to be the product of four consecutive integers plus one. But these integers are named inconsistently.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 14:24






  • 3




    $begingroup$
    Your computation appears to be working with $frac {(p+4)!}{p!}+1$ instead of what you wrote. Doesn't change much, but it makes your post unhelpfully confusing.
    $endgroup$
    – lulu
    Jan 28 at 14:24


















-3












$begingroup$


one can observe that $[p!/(p-4)!] + 1$ is basically the product of four consecutive integers plus one.Since this is
$$
begin{eqnarray} p(p+1)(p+2)(p+3)+1 & = &(p^2+3p)(p^2+3p+2)+1 \
& = & [(p^2+3p+1)−1][(p^2+3p+1)+1]+1 \
& = & (p^2+3p+1)^2 end{eqnarray} $$

which is a perfect square for all natural $p$ but my teacher says that there is a more elegant method of doing it, help in any form would be appreciated.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Did you say n when you meant to say p in your title?
    $endgroup$
    – Mark
    Jan 28 at 14:19










  • $begingroup$
    Welcome to MSE! Did you mean for all natural $p$?
    $endgroup$
    – J. W. Tanner
    Jan 28 at 14:19






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Are you sure that it is $p(p+1)(p+2)(p+3)+1$ and not $p(p-1)(p-2)(p-3)+1$?
    $endgroup$
    – user 170039
    Jan 28 at 14:20






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    You are using $p$ and $n$ in confusing ways, Your target seems to be the product of four consecutive integers plus one. But these integers are named inconsistently.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 14:24






  • 3




    $begingroup$
    Your computation appears to be working with $frac {(p+4)!}{p!}+1$ instead of what you wrote. Doesn't change much, but it makes your post unhelpfully confusing.
    $endgroup$
    – lulu
    Jan 28 at 14:24
















-3












-3








-3





$begingroup$


one can observe that $[p!/(p-4)!] + 1$ is basically the product of four consecutive integers plus one.Since this is
$$
begin{eqnarray} p(p+1)(p+2)(p+3)+1 & = &(p^2+3p)(p^2+3p+2)+1 \
& = & [(p^2+3p+1)−1][(p^2+3p+1)+1]+1 \
& = & (p^2+3p+1)^2 end{eqnarray} $$

which is a perfect square for all natural $p$ but my teacher says that there is a more elegant method of doing it, help in any form would be appreciated.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




one can observe that $[p!/(p-4)!] + 1$ is basically the product of four consecutive integers plus one.Since this is
$$
begin{eqnarray} p(p+1)(p+2)(p+3)+1 & = &(p^2+3p)(p^2+3p+2)+1 \
& = & [(p^2+3p+1)−1][(p^2+3p+1)+1]+1 \
& = & (p^2+3p+1)^2 end{eqnarray} $$

which is a perfect square for all natural $p$ but my teacher says that there is a more elegant method of doing it, help in any form would be appreciated.







factorial factoring square-numbers






share|cite|improve this question















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited Jan 28 at 14:25







Mary Tom

















asked Jan 28 at 14:12









Mary TomMary Tom

326




326












  • $begingroup$
    Did you say n when you meant to say p in your title?
    $endgroup$
    – Mark
    Jan 28 at 14:19










  • $begingroup$
    Welcome to MSE! Did you mean for all natural $p$?
    $endgroup$
    – J. W. Tanner
    Jan 28 at 14:19






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Are you sure that it is $p(p+1)(p+2)(p+3)+1$ and not $p(p-1)(p-2)(p-3)+1$?
    $endgroup$
    – user 170039
    Jan 28 at 14:20






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    You are using $p$ and $n$ in confusing ways, Your target seems to be the product of four consecutive integers plus one. But these integers are named inconsistently.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 14:24






  • 3




    $begingroup$
    Your computation appears to be working with $frac {(p+4)!}{p!}+1$ instead of what you wrote. Doesn't change much, but it makes your post unhelpfully confusing.
    $endgroup$
    – lulu
    Jan 28 at 14:24




















  • $begingroup$
    Did you say n when you meant to say p in your title?
    $endgroup$
    – Mark
    Jan 28 at 14:19










  • $begingroup$
    Welcome to MSE! Did you mean for all natural $p$?
    $endgroup$
    – J. W. Tanner
    Jan 28 at 14:19






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Are you sure that it is $p(p+1)(p+2)(p+3)+1$ and not $p(p-1)(p-2)(p-3)+1$?
    $endgroup$
    – user 170039
    Jan 28 at 14:20






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    You are using $p$ and $n$ in confusing ways, Your target seems to be the product of four consecutive integers plus one. But these integers are named inconsistently.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 14:24






  • 3




    $begingroup$
    Your computation appears to be working with $frac {(p+4)!}{p!}+1$ instead of what you wrote. Doesn't change much, but it makes your post unhelpfully confusing.
    $endgroup$
    – lulu
    Jan 28 at 14:24


















$begingroup$
Did you say n when you meant to say p in your title?
$endgroup$
– Mark
Jan 28 at 14:19




$begingroup$
Did you say n when you meant to say p in your title?
$endgroup$
– Mark
Jan 28 at 14:19












$begingroup$
Welcome to MSE! Did you mean for all natural $p$?
$endgroup$
– J. W. Tanner
Jan 28 at 14:19




$begingroup$
Welcome to MSE! Did you mean for all natural $p$?
$endgroup$
– J. W. Tanner
Jan 28 at 14:19




1




1




$begingroup$
Are you sure that it is $p(p+1)(p+2)(p+3)+1$ and not $p(p-1)(p-2)(p-3)+1$?
$endgroup$
– user 170039
Jan 28 at 14:20




$begingroup$
Are you sure that it is $p(p+1)(p+2)(p+3)+1$ and not $p(p-1)(p-2)(p-3)+1$?
$endgroup$
– user 170039
Jan 28 at 14:20




1




1




$begingroup$
You are using $p$ and $n$ in confusing ways, Your target seems to be the product of four consecutive integers plus one. But these integers are named inconsistently.
$endgroup$
– Mark Bennet
Jan 28 at 14:24




$begingroup$
You are using $p$ and $n$ in confusing ways, Your target seems to be the product of four consecutive integers plus one. But these integers are named inconsistently.
$endgroup$
– Mark Bennet
Jan 28 at 14:24




3




3




$begingroup$
Your computation appears to be working with $frac {(p+4)!}{p!}+1$ instead of what you wrote. Doesn't change much, but it makes your post unhelpfully confusing.
$endgroup$
– lulu
Jan 28 at 14:24






$begingroup$
Your computation appears to be working with $frac {(p+4)!}{p!}+1$ instead of what you wrote. Doesn't change much, but it makes your post unhelpfully confusing.
$endgroup$
– lulu
Jan 28 at 14:24












2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















3












$begingroup$

Only thing I can see:



Note that $p(p-3)=p^2-3p$ and $(p-1)(p-2)=p^2-3p+2$. It follows that we can write your expression as
$$(p^2-3p)^2+2(p^2-3p)+1=m^2+2m+1=(m+1)^2$$
Where we have introduced $m=p^2-3p$ ,






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    some of my classmates have done it like that.
    $endgroup$
    – Mary Tom
    Jan 28 at 14:24












  • $begingroup$
    This is pretty much the same as has been done in the question with a change of sign. Introducing $m$ makes it a little clearer.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 14:26










  • $begingroup$
    is there any other way?
    $endgroup$
    – Mary Tom
    Jan 28 at 14:27










  • $begingroup$
    @MarkBennet Maybe so. The point I was trying to make (maybe unsuccessfully, and maybe it wasn't all that good a point to begin with) was that it all hinges on the fact that $p^2-3p$ appears twice in the product. If it's unhelpful, I'll gladly delete.
    $endgroup$
    – lulu
    Jan 28 at 14:28










  • $begingroup$
    @lulu no, helpful, definitely.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 14:32



















1












$begingroup$

Slightly different approach... where $p=q+3$



$$S_q=frac{(p)!}{(p-4)!}+1=frac{(q+3)!}{(q-1)!} + 1=q(q+1)(q+2)(q+3)+1$$



Let $q=a-frac{3}{2}$



Then



$$S_q=left(a-frac{3}{2}right)left(a-frac{1}{2}right)left(a+frac{1}{2}right)left(a+frac{3}{2}right)+1$$



$$S_q=left(a^2-frac{3^2}{2^2}right)left(a^2-frac{1}{2^2}right)+1$$



$$S_q=a^4-frac{10}{4}a^2+frac{3^2}{4^2}+1$$



$$S_q=a^4-frac{10}{4}a^2+frac{5^2}{4^2}$$



$$S_q=left(a^2-frac{5}{4} right)^2$$



$$S_q=left((q+3/2)^2-frac{5}{4} right)^2$$



$$S_p=left((p-3/2)^2-frac{5}{4} right)^2$$






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    I think this is what my teacher expected.
    $endgroup$
    – Mary Tom
    Jan 28 at 15:38










  • $begingroup$
    @MaryTom It then takes just a little bit of thought to know that if an integer is the square of a rational number, it is the square of an integer. Or to expand the expression in the bracket and see that it is an integer. It is not quite immediately obvious that the expression in the final bracket is an integer.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 16:51












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2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes








2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









3












$begingroup$

Only thing I can see:



Note that $p(p-3)=p^2-3p$ and $(p-1)(p-2)=p^2-3p+2$. It follows that we can write your expression as
$$(p^2-3p)^2+2(p^2-3p)+1=m^2+2m+1=(m+1)^2$$
Where we have introduced $m=p^2-3p$ ,






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    some of my classmates have done it like that.
    $endgroup$
    – Mary Tom
    Jan 28 at 14:24












  • $begingroup$
    This is pretty much the same as has been done in the question with a change of sign. Introducing $m$ makes it a little clearer.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 14:26










  • $begingroup$
    is there any other way?
    $endgroup$
    – Mary Tom
    Jan 28 at 14:27










  • $begingroup$
    @MarkBennet Maybe so. The point I was trying to make (maybe unsuccessfully, and maybe it wasn't all that good a point to begin with) was that it all hinges on the fact that $p^2-3p$ appears twice in the product. If it's unhelpful, I'll gladly delete.
    $endgroup$
    – lulu
    Jan 28 at 14:28










  • $begingroup$
    @lulu no, helpful, definitely.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 14:32
















3












$begingroup$

Only thing I can see:



Note that $p(p-3)=p^2-3p$ and $(p-1)(p-2)=p^2-3p+2$. It follows that we can write your expression as
$$(p^2-3p)^2+2(p^2-3p)+1=m^2+2m+1=(m+1)^2$$
Where we have introduced $m=p^2-3p$ ,






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    some of my classmates have done it like that.
    $endgroup$
    – Mary Tom
    Jan 28 at 14:24












  • $begingroup$
    This is pretty much the same as has been done in the question with a change of sign. Introducing $m$ makes it a little clearer.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 14:26










  • $begingroup$
    is there any other way?
    $endgroup$
    – Mary Tom
    Jan 28 at 14:27










  • $begingroup$
    @MarkBennet Maybe so. The point I was trying to make (maybe unsuccessfully, and maybe it wasn't all that good a point to begin with) was that it all hinges on the fact that $p^2-3p$ appears twice in the product. If it's unhelpful, I'll gladly delete.
    $endgroup$
    – lulu
    Jan 28 at 14:28










  • $begingroup$
    @lulu no, helpful, definitely.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 14:32














3












3








3





$begingroup$

Only thing I can see:



Note that $p(p-3)=p^2-3p$ and $(p-1)(p-2)=p^2-3p+2$. It follows that we can write your expression as
$$(p^2-3p)^2+2(p^2-3p)+1=m^2+2m+1=(m+1)^2$$
Where we have introduced $m=p^2-3p$ ,






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$



Only thing I can see:



Note that $p(p-3)=p^2-3p$ and $(p-1)(p-2)=p^2-3p+2$. It follows that we can write your expression as
$$(p^2-3p)^2+2(p^2-3p)+1=m^2+2m+1=(m+1)^2$$
Where we have introduced $m=p^2-3p$ ,







share|cite|improve this answer












share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer










answered Jan 28 at 14:23









lulululu

43.2k25080




43.2k25080












  • $begingroup$
    some of my classmates have done it like that.
    $endgroup$
    – Mary Tom
    Jan 28 at 14:24












  • $begingroup$
    This is pretty much the same as has been done in the question with a change of sign. Introducing $m$ makes it a little clearer.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 14:26










  • $begingroup$
    is there any other way?
    $endgroup$
    – Mary Tom
    Jan 28 at 14:27










  • $begingroup$
    @MarkBennet Maybe so. The point I was trying to make (maybe unsuccessfully, and maybe it wasn't all that good a point to begin with) was that it all hinges on the fact that $p^2-3p$ appears twice in the product. If it's unhelpful, I'll gladly delete.
    $endgroup$
    – lulu
    Jan 28 at 14:28










  • $begingroup$
    @lulu no, helpful, definitely.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 14:32


















  • $begingroup$
    some of my classmates have done it like that.
    $endgroup$
    – Mary Tom
    Jan 28 at 14:24












  • $begingroup$
    This is pretty much the same as has been done in the question with a change of sign. Introducing $m$ makes it a little clearer.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 14:26










  • $begingroup$
    is there any other way?
    $endgroup$
    – Mary Tom
    Jan 28 at 14:27










  • $begingroup$
    @MarkBennet Maybe so. The point I was trying to make (maybe unsuccessfully, and maybe it wasn't all that good a point to begin with) was that it all hinges on the fact that $p^2-3p$ appears twice in the product. If it's unhelpful, I'll gladly delete.
    $endgroup$
    – lulu
    Jan 28 at 14:28










  • $begingroup$
    @lulu no, helpful, definitely.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 14:32
















$begingroup$
some of my classmates have done it like that.
$endgroup$
– Mary Tom
Jan 28 at 14:24






$begingroup$
some of my classmates have done it like that.
$endgroup$
– Mary Tom
Jan 28 at 14:24














$begingroup$
This is pretty much the same as has been done in the question with a change of sign. Introducing $m$ makes it a little clearer.
$endgroup$
– Mark Bennet
Jan 28 at 14:26




$begingroup$
This is pretty much the same as has been done in the question with a change of sign. Introducing $m$ makes it a little clearer.
$endgroup$
– Mark Bennet
Jan 28 at 14:26












$begingroup$
is there any other way?
$endgroup$
– Mary Tom
Jan 28 at 14:27




$begingroup$
is there any other way?
$endgroup$
– Mary Tom
Jan 28 at 14:27












$begingroup$
@MarkBennet Maybe so. The point I was trying to make (maybe unsuccessfully, and maybe it wasn't all that good a point to begin with) was that it all hinges on the fact that $p^2-3p$ appears twice in the product. If it's unhelpful, I'll gladly delete.
$endgroup$
– lulu
Jan 28 at 14:28




$begingroup$
@MarkBennet Maybe so. The point I was trying to make (maybe unsuccessfully, and maybe it wasn't all that good a point to begin with) was that it all hinges on the fact that $p^2-3p$ appears twice in the product. If it's unhelpful, I'll gladly delete.
$endgroup$
– lulu
Jan 28 at 14:28












$begingroup$
@lulu no, helpful, definitely.
$endgroup$
– Mark Bennet
Jan 28 at 14:32




$begingroup$
@lulu no, helpful, definitely.
$endgroup$
– Mark Bennet
Jan 28 at 14:32











1












$begingroup$

Slightly different approach... where $p=q+3$



$$S_q=frac{(p)!}{(p-4)!}+1=frac{(q+3)!}{(q-1)!} + 1=q(q+1)(q+2)(q+3)+1$$



Let $q=a-frac{3}{2}$



Then



$$S_q=left(a-frac{3}{2}right)left(a-frac{1}{2}right)left(a+frac{1}{2}right)left(a+frac{3}{2}right)+1$$



$$S_q=left(a^2-frac{3^2}{2^2}right)left(a^2-frac{1}{2^2}right)+1$$



$$S_q=a^4-frac{10}{4}a^2+frac{3^2}{4^2}+1$$



$$S_q=a^4-frac{10}{4}a^2+frac{5^2}{4^2}$$



$$S_q=left(a^2-frac{5}{4} right)^2$$



$$S_q=left((q+3/2)^2-frac{5}{4} right)^2$$



$$S_p=left((p-3/2)^2-frac{5}{4} right)^2$$






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    I think this is what my teacher expected.
    $endgroup$
    – Mary Tom
    Jan 28 at 15:38










  • $begingroup$
    @MaryTom It then takes just a little bit of thought to know that if an integer is the square of a rational number, it is the square of an integer. Or to expand the expression in the bracket and see that it is an integer. It is not quite immediately obvious that the expression in the final bracket is an integer.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 16:51
















1












$begingroup$

Slightly different approach... where $p=q+3$



$$S_q=frac{(p)!}{(p-4)!}+1=frac{(q+3)!}{(q-1)!} + 1=q(q+1)(q+2)(q+3)+1$$



Let $q=a-frac{3}{2}$



Then



$$S_q=left(a-frac{3}{2}right)left(a-frac{1}{2}right)left(a+frac{1}{2}right)left(a+frac{3}{2}right)+1$$



$$S_q=left(a^2-frac{3^2}{2^2}right)left(a^2-frac{1}{2^2}right)+1$$



$$S_q=a^4-frac{10}{4}a^2+frac{3^2}{4^2}+1$$



$$S_q=a^4-frac{10}{4}a^2+frac{5^2}{4^2}$$



$$S_q=left(a^2-frac{5}{4} right)^2$$



$$S_q=left((q+3/2)^2-frac{5}{4} right)^2$$



$$S_p=left((p-3/2)^2-frac{5}{4} right)^2$$






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    I think this is what my teacher expected.
    $endgroup$
    – Mary Tom
    Jan 28 at 15:38










  • $begingroup$
    @MaryTom It then takes just a little bit of thought to know that if an integer is the square of a rational number, it is the square of an integer. Or to expand the expression in the bracket and see that it is an integer. It is not quite immediately obvious that the expression in the final bracket is an integer.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 16:51














1












1








1





$begingroup$

Slightly different approach... where $p=q+3$



$$S_q=frac{(p)!}{(p-4)!}+1=frac{(q+3)!}{(q-1)!} + 1=q(q+1)(q+2)(q+3)+1$$



Let $q=a-frac{3}{2}$



Then



$$S_q=left(a-frac{3}{2}right)left(a-frac{1}{2}right)left(a+frac{1}{2}right)left(a+frac{3}{2}right)+1$$



$$S_q=left(a^2-frac{3^2}{2^2}right)left(a^2-frac{1}{2^2}right)+1$$



$$S_q=a^4-frac{10}{4}a^2+frac{3^2}{4^2}+1$$



$$S_q=a^4-frac{10}{4}a^2+frac{5^2}{4^2}$$



$$S_q=left(a^2-frac{5}{4} right)^2$$



$$S_q=left((q+3/2)^2-frac{5}{4} right)^2$$



$$S_p=left((p-3/2)^2-frac{5}{4} right)^2$$






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$endgroup$



Slightly different approach... where $p=q+3$



$$S_q=frac{(p)!}{(p-4)!}+1=frac{(q+3)!}{(q-1)!} + 1=q(q+1)(q+2)(q+3)+1$$



Let $q=a-frac{3}{2}$



Then



$$S_q=left(a-frac{3}{2}right)left(a-frac{1}{2}right)left(a+frac{1}{2}right)left(a+frac{3}{2}right)+1$$



$$S_q=left(a^2-frac{3^2}{2^2}right)left(a^2-frac{1}{2^2}right)+1$$



$$S_q=a^4-frac{10}{4}a^2+frac{3^2}{4^2}+1$$



$$S_q=a^4-frac{10}{4}a^2+frac{5^2}{4^2}$$



$$S_q=left(a^2-frac{5}{4} right)^2$$



$$S_q=left((q+3/2)^2-frac{5}{4} right)^2$$



$$S_p=left((p-3/2)^2-frac{5}{4} right)^2$$







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share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer








edited Jan 28 at 15:21

























answered Jan 28 at 15:07









James ArathoonJames Arathoon

1,608423




1,608423












  • $begingroup$
    I think this is what my teacher expected.
    $endgroup$
    – Mary Tom
    Jan 28 at 15:38










  • $begingroup$
    @MaryTom It then takes just a little bit of thought to know that if an integer is the square of a rational number, it is the square of an integer. Or to expand the expression in the bracket and see that it is an integer. It is not quite immediately obvious that the expression in the final bracket is an integer.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 16:51


















  • $begingroup$
    I think this is what my teacher expected.
    $endgroup$
    – Mary Tom
    Jan 28 at 15:38










  • $begingroup$
    @MaryTom It then takes just a little bit of thought to know that if an integer is the square of a rational number, it is the square of an integer. Or to expand the expression in the bracket and see that it is an integer. It is not quite immediately obvious that the expression in the final bracket is an integer.
    $endgroup$
    – Mark Bennet
    Jan 28 at 16:51
















$begingroup$
I think this is what my teacher expected.
$endgroup$
– Mary Tom
Jan 28 at 15:38




$begingroup$
I think this is what my teacher expected.
$endgroup$
– Mary Tom
Jan 28 at 15:38












$begingroup$
@MaryTom It then takes just a little bit of thought to know that if an integer is the square of a rational number, it is the square of an integer. Or to expand the expression in the bracket and see that it is an integer. It is not quite immediately obvious that the expression in the final bracket is an integer.
$endgroup$
– Mark Bennet
Jan 28 at 16:51




$begingroup$
@MaryTom It then takes just a little bit of thought to know that if an integer is the square of a rational number, it is the square of an integer. Or to expand the expression in the bracket and see that it is an integer. It is not quite immediately obvious that the expression in the final bracket is an integer.
$endgroup$
– Mark Bennet
Jan 28 at 16:51


















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