Mathematica gives an unexpected answer for Integrate [closed]
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I need to integrate the following:
begin{equation}tag{1}
frac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) x^3}}{x},
end{equation}
where $0 < C < 1$ and $x$ is a positive variable (then $x^3 ge 0$). When I integrate:
Integrate[Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/x, x, Assumptions -> 0 < C < 1]
I get this answer:
begin{equation}tag{2}
frac{2}{3} sqrt{C + (1 - C), x^3} - frac{2}{3} sqrt{C} , mathrm{argtanh} Big( frac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) , x^3}}{sqrt{C}} Big).
end{equation}
This answer is wrong because the term inside parenthesis (inside the argtanh) is larger than 1, which invalidates the answer.
So how can I get the proper integration of (1), using Mathematica?
EDIT: Actually, what I need is to find the general solution of the following differential equation ($lambda$ is a positive constant):
begin{equation}tag{3}
frac{d a}{d t} = pm , frac{lambda , a}{sqrt{C + (1 - C) , a^3}},
end{equation}
i.e. the function $a(t)$ or the time $t(a)$.
differential-equations calculus-and-analysis functions trigonometry integral-equations
$endgroup$
closed as off-topic by Szabolcs, Daniel Lichtblau, m_goldberg, Bob Hanlon, Bill Watts Jan 14 at 2:11
This question appears to be off-topic. The users who voted to close gave this specific reason:
- "This question arises due to a simple mistake such as a trivial syntax error, incorrect capitalization, spelling mistake, or other typographical error and is unlikely to help any future visitors, or else it is easily found in the documentation." – Szabolcs, Daniel Lichtblau, m_goldberg, Bob Hanlon, Bill Watts
If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
add a comment |
$begingroup$
I need to integrate the following:
begin{equation}tag{1}
frac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) x^3}}{x},
end{equation}
where $0 < C < 1$ and $x$ is a positive variable (then $x^3 ge 0$). When I integrate:
Integrate[Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/x, x, Assumptions -> 0 < C < 1]
I get this answer:
begin{equation}tag{2}
frac{2}{3} sqrt{C + (1 - C), x^3} - frac{2}{3} sqrt{C} , mathrm{argtanh} Big( frac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) , x^3}}{sqrt{C}} Big).
end{equation}
This answer is wrong because the term inside parenthesis (inside the argtanh) is larger than 1, which invalidates the answer.
So how can I get the proper integration of (1), using Mathematica?
EDIT: Actually, what I need is to find the general solution of the following differential equation ($lambda$ is a positive constant):
begin{equation}tag{3}
frac{d a}{d t} = pm , frac{lambda , a}{sqrt{C + (1 - C) , a^3}},
end{equation}
i.e. the function $a(t)$ or the time $t(a)$.
differential-equations calculus-and-analysis functions trigonometry integral-equations
$endgroup$
closed as off-topic by Szabolcs, Daniel Lichtblau, m_goldberg, Bob Hanlon, Bill Watts Jan 14 at 2:11
This question appears to be off-topic. The users who voted to close gave this specific reason:
- "This question arises due to a simple mistake such as a trivial syntax error, incorrect capitalization, spelling mistake, or other typographical error and is unlikely to help any future visitors, or else it is easily found in the documentation." – Szabolcs, Daniel Lichtblau, m_goldberg, Bob Hanlon, Bill Watts
If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
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When evaluating a definite integral don't the imaginary parts cancel out?
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– JimB
Jan 13 at 16:31
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@JimB, I need the general solution on the indefinite integration, since I don't know the limits of the variable $x$ (except that $x > 0$). It's the solution of some differential equation.
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– Cham
Jan 13 at 16:34
1
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You should change the subject line of the question from "wrong" to perhaps "unexpected" sinceAssuming[{0<C<1, x>=0}, Sqrt[C+(1-C) x^3]/x == D[Integrate[Sqrt[C+(1-C) x^3]/x, x], x] // Simplify]
evaluates toTrue
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– Bob Hanlon
Jan 13 at 20:25
2
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Tha antiderivative shown is fine. Can check by differentiation:In[646]:= i0 = Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/x; i1 = Integrate[i0, x]; Simplify[D[i1, x] - i0] Out[648]= 0
$endgroup$
– Daniel Lichtblau
Jan 13 at 21:59
add a comment |
$begingroup$
I need to integrate the following:
begin{equation}tag{1}
frac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) x^3}}{x},
end{equation}
where $0 < C < 1$ and $x$ is a positive variable (then $x^3 ge 0$). When I integrate:
Integrate[Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/x, x, Assumptions -> 0 < C < 1]
I get this answer:
begin{equation}tag{2}
frac{2}{3} sqrt{C + (1 - C), x^3} - frac{2}{3} sqrt{C} , mathrm{argtanh} Big( frac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) , x^3}}{sqrt{C}} Big).
end{equation}
This answer is wrong because the term inside parenthesis (inside the argtanh) is larger than 1, which invalidates the answer.
So how can I get the proper integration of (1), using Mathematica?
EDIT: Actually, what I need is to find the general solution of the following differential equation ($lambda$ is a positive constant):
begin{equation}tag{3}
frac{d a}{d t} = pm , frac{lambda , a}{sqrt{C + (1 - C) , a^3}},
end{equation}
i.e. the function $a(t)$ or the time $t(a)$.
differential-equations calculus-and-analysis functions trigonometry integral-equations
$endgroup$
I need to integrate the following:
begin{equation}tag{1}
frac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) x^3}}{x},
end{equation}
where $0 < C < 1$ and $x$ is a positive variable (then $x^3 ge 0$). When I integrate:
Integrate[Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/x, x, Assumptions -> 0 < C < 1]
I get this answer:
begin{equation}tag{2}
frac{2}{3} sqrt{C + (1 - C), x^3} - frac{2}{3} sqrt{C} , mathrm{argtanh} Big( frac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) , x^3}}{sqrt{C}} Big).
end{equation}
This answer is wrong because the term inside parenthesis (inside the argtanh) is larger than 1, which invalidates the answer.
So how can I get the proper integration of (1), using Mathematica?
EDIT: Actually, what I need is to find the general solution of the following differential equation ($lambda$ is a positive constant):
begin{equation}tag{3}
frac{d a}{d t} = pm , frac{lambda , a}{sqrt{C + (1 - C) , a^3}},
end{equation}
i.e. the function $a(t)$ or the time $t(a)$.
differential-equations calculus-and-analysis functions trigonometry integral-equations
differential-equations calculus-and-analysis functions trigonometry integral-equations
edited Jan 13 at 22:15
Cham
asked Jan 13 at 15:50
ChamCham
1,4421227
1,4421227
closed as off-topic by Szabolcs, Daniel Lichtblau, m_goldberg, Bob Hanlon, Bill Watts Jan 14 at 2:11
This question appears to be off-topic. The users who voted to close gave this specific reason:
- "This question arises due to a simple mistake such as a trivial syntax error, incorrect capitalization, spelling mistake, or other typographical error and is unlikely to help any future visitors, or else it is easily found in the documentation." – Szabolcs, Daniel Lichtblau, m_goldberg, Bob Hanlon, Bill Watts
If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
closed as off-topic by Szabolcs, Daniel Lichtblau, m_goldberg, Bob Hanlon, Bill Watts Jan 14 at 2:11
This question appears to be off-topic. The users who voted to close gave this specific reason:
- "This question arises due to a simple mistake such as a trivial syntax error, incorrect capitalization, spelling mistake, or other typographical error and is unlikely to help any future visitors, or else it is easily found in the documentation." – Szabolcs, Daniel Lichtblau, m_goldberg, Bob Hanlon, Bill Watts
If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
$begingroup$
When evaluating a definite integral don't the imaginary parts cancel out?
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– JimB
Jan 13 at 16:31
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@JimB, I need the general solution on the indefinite integration, since I don't know the limits of the variable $x$ (except that $x > 0$). It's the solution of some differential equation.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 16:34
1
$begingroup$
You should change the subject line of the question from "wrong" to perhaps "unexpected" sinceAssuming[{0<C<1, x>=0}, Sqrt[C+(1-C) x^3]/x == D[Integrate[Sqrt[C+(1-C) x^3]/x, x], x] // Simplify]
evaluates toTrue
$endgroup$
– Bob Hanlon
Jan 13 at 20:25
2
$begingroup$
Tha antiderivative shown is fine. Can check by differentiation:In[646]:= i0 = Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/x; i1 = Integrate[i0, x]; Simplify[D[i1, x] - i0] Out[648]= 0
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– Daniel Lichtblau
Jan 13 at 21:59
add a comment |
$begingroup$
When evaluating a definite integral don't the imaginary parts cancel out?
$endgroup$
– JimB
Jan 13 at 16:31
$begingroup$
@JimB, I need the general solution on the indefinite integration, since I don't know the limits of the variable $x$ (except that $x > 0$). It's the solution of some differential equation.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 16:34
1
$begingroup$
You should change the subject line of the question from "wrong" to perhaps "unexpected" sinceAssuming[{0<C<1, x>=0}, Sqrt[C+(1-C) x^3]/x == D[Integrate[Sqrt[C+(1-C) x^3]/x, x], x] // Simplify]
evaluates toTrue
$endgroup$
– Bob Hanlon
Jan 13 at 20:25
2
$begingroup$
Tha antiderivative shown is fine. Can check by differentiation:In[646]:= i0 = Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/x; i1 = Integrate[i0, x]; Simplify[D[i1, x] - i0] Out[648]= 0
$endgroup$
– Daniel Lichtblau
Jan 13 at 21:59
$begingroup$
When evaluating a definite integral don't the imaginary parts cancel out?
$endgroup$
– JimB
Jan 13 at 16:31
$begingroup$
When evaluating a definite integral don't the imaginary parts cancel out?
$endgroup$
– JimB
Jan 13 at 16:31
$begingroup$
@JimB, I need the general solution on the indefinite integration, since I don't know the limits of the variable $x$ (except that $x > 0$). It's the solution of some differential equation.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 16:34
$begingroup$
@JimB, I need the general solution on the indefinite integration, since I don't know the limits of the variable $x$ (except that $x > 0$). It's the solution of some differential equation.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 16:34
1
1
$begingroup$
You should change the subject line of the question from "wrong" to perhaps "unexpected" since
Assuming[{0<C<1, x>=0}, Sqrt[C+(1-C) x^3]/x == D[Integrate[Sqrt[C+(1-C) x^3]/x, x], x] // Simplify]
evaluates to True
$endgroup$
– Bob Hanlon
Jan 13 at 20:25
$begingroup$
You should change the subject line of the question from "wrong" to perhaps "unexpected" since
Assuming[{0<C<1, x>=0}, Sqrt[C+(1-C) x^3]/x == D[Integrate[Sqrt[C+(1-C) x^3]/x, x], x] // Simplify]
evaluates to True
$endgroup$
– Bob Hanlon
Jan 13 at 20:25
2
2
$begingroup$
Tha antiderivative shown is fine. Can check by differentiation:
In[646]:= i0 = Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/x; i1 = Integrate[i0, x]; Simplify[D[i1, x] - i0] Out[648]= 0
$endgroup$
– Daniel Lichtblau
Jan 13 at 21:59
$begingroup$
Tha antiderivative shown is fine. Can check by differentiation:
In[646]:= i0 = Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/x; i1 = Integrate[i0, x]; Simplify[D[i1, x] - i0] Out[648]= 0
$endgroup$
– Daniel Lichtblau
Jan 13 at 21:59
add a comment |
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
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$intfrac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) x^3}}{x}dx=intfrac{left(sqrt{C + (1 - C) x^3}right)x^2}{x^3}dx$
Let $C + (1 - C) x^3=u^2$
$3(1 - C) x^2dx=2udu$
$frac{2}{3}intfrac{u^2du}{u^2-C}du$
$frac{2}{3}intleft(1+frac{c}{u^2-C}right)du$
$frac{2}{3}left(u+Cintfrac{du}{u^2-sqrt{C}^2}right)$
$frac{2}{3}left(u-Cfrac{Arctanh(frac{u}{sqrt{C}})}{sqrt{C}}right)$
Substituting back gives
begin{equation}tag{2}
frac{2}{3} sqrt{C + (1 - C), x^3} - frac{2}{3} sqrt{C} , mathrm{argtanh} Big( frac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) , x^3}}{sqrt{C}} Big).
end{equation}
FunctionDomain[ArcTanh[Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]], x]
-1 < Sqrt[C + x^3 - C x^3]/Sqrt[C] < 1 && -C - x^3 + C x^3 <= 0
Or
ArcTanh[Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]] // TrigToExp
-(1/2) Log[1 - Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]] + 1/2 Log[1 + Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]]
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There's still a problem with the argument of arctanh.
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– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:06
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I think it's better to split the integral of $frac{1}{u^2 - C}$ in two parts : $frac{1}{u - sqrt{C}} - frac{1}{u + sqrt{C}}$, then integration gives a $ln{dots}$.
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– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:09
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They are equivalent..
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– Okkes Dulgerci
Jan 13 at 17:12
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My solution appears to be this: begin{equation} frac{2 u}{3 sqrt{C}} + frac{1}{3} , ln{Big(frac{u - sqrt{C}}{u + sqrt{C}}Big)},end{equation} which is good since $u ge sqrt{C}$.
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– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:12
add a comment |
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Here are four five six forms for an antiderivative, the first ad1
being the same as the OP's and complex-valued over the intended domain. The other three four five are real-valued.
ad1 = Integrate[Sqrt[c + (1 - c) x^3]/x, x, Assumptions -> 0 < c < 1]
(* 2/3 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] - 2/3 Sqrt[c] ArcTanh[Sqrt[c + (1 - c) x^3]/Sqrt[c]] *)
The imaginary part of ad
is constant so we can subtract it off (which is the point of @JimB's comment under the OP):
ad2 = ad1 /. {{x -> 1}, {x -> x}} // Differences // First;
Assuming[0 < c < 1 && x > 0,
TrigToExp@ad2 /. {Log[z_] /; Simplify[z < 0] :> Log[-1] + Log[-z]} //
Expand // FullSimplify
]
(*
2/3 (-1 + Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] +
Sqrt[c] ArcTanh[(Sqrt[c] (x^3 - Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]))/(c + x^3)])
*)
Applying the identity,
$$tanh ^{-1}left(frac{1}{z}right) - tanh ^{-1}(z)=frac{i pi}{2} ,,$$
changes ad1
by a constant, which results in another antiderivative:
ad3 = ad1 /. ArcTanh[z_] :> ArcTanh[1/z]
(* 2/3 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] - 2/3 Sqrt[c] ArcTanh[Sqrt[c]/Sqrt[c + (1 - c) x^3]] *)
Rewrite ad3
in terms of logarithms:
ad4 = TrigToExp@ad3 /.
a__ Log[u_] + b__ Log[v_] + w__ /; Times@a == -Times@b :> a Log@Simplify[u/v] + w
(*
2/3 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] +
1/3 Sqrt[c] Log[(-Sqrt[c] + Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]) /
(Sqrt[c] + Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3])]
*)
Check:
D[{ad1, ad2, ad3, ad4}, x] // Simplify
(*
{Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x, Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x,
Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x, Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x}
*)
Addendum:
Here is a fifth, the real part of ad1
:
ad5 = ComplexExpand[Re[ad1], TargetFunctions -> {Re, Im}] //
Simplify[#, 0 < c < 1 && x > (c/(1 - c))^(1/3)] &
(*
1/6 (4 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] +
Sqrt[c] Log[(x^3 - c (-2 + x^3) - 2 Sqrt[c (c + x^3 - c x^3)])/c] -
Sqrt[c] Log[(x^3 - c (-2 + x^3) + 2 Sqrt[c (c + x^3 - c x^3)])/c])
*)
Addendum 2:
Doing a line integral within the domain of interest will often give the desired result; however, this time it ran forever, until I turned off GenerateConditions
. The antiderivative comes back in terms of HypergeometricPFQ
which can be simplified with the aid of FunctionExpand
.
Assuming[0 < c < 1 && x > 0 && t > 0,
ad6 = Simplify@ FunctionExpand@
Integrate[Sqrt[c + (1 - c) t^3]/t, {t, 1, x},
Assumptions -> 0 < c < 1 && x > 0, GenerateConditions -> False]
]
(*
1/3 (-2 + 2 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] + 2 Sqrt[c] Log[1 + 1/Sqrt[c]] +
3 Sqrt[c] Log[x] - 2 Sqrt[c] Log[1 + Sqrt[1 + (-1 + 1/c) x^3]])
*)
(* Check *)
Simplify[D[ad6, x] - Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x, 0 < c < 1 && x > 0]
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add a comment |
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
$intfrac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) x^3}}{x}dx=intfrac{left(sqrt{C + (1 - C) x^3}right)x^2}{x^3}dx$
Let $C + (1 - C) x^3=u^2$
$3(1 - C) x^2dx=2udu$
$frac{2}{3}intfrac{u^2du}{u^2-C}du$
$frac{2}{3}intleft(1+frac{c}{u^2-C}right)du$
$frac{2}{3}left(u+Cintfrac{du}{u^2-sqrt{C}^2}right)$
$frac{2}{3}left(u-Cfrac{Arctanh(frac{u}{sqrt{C}})}{sqrt{C}}right)$
Substituting back gives
begin{equation}tag{2}
frac{2}{3} sqrt{C + (1 - C), x^3} - frac{2}{3} sqrt{C} , mathrm{argtanh} Big( frac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) , x^3}}{sqrt{C}} Big).
end{equation}
FunctionDomain[ArcTanh[Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]], x]
-1 < Sqrt[C + x^3 - C x^3]/Sqrt[C] < 1 && -C - x^3 + C x^3 <= 0
Or
ArcTanh[Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]] // TrigToExp
-(1/2) Log[1 - Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]] + 1/2 Log[1 + Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]]
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There's still a problem with the argument of arctanh.
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– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:06
$begingroup$
I think it's better to split the integral of $frac{1}{u^2 - C}$ in two parts : $frac{1}{u - sqrt{C}} - frac{1}{u + sqrt{C}}$, then integration gives a $ln{dots}$.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:09
$begingroup$
They are equivalent..
$endgroup$
– Okkes Dulgerci
Jan 13 at 17:12
$begingroup$
My solution appears to be this: begin{equation} frac{2 u}{3 sqrt{C}} + frac{1}{3} , ln{Big(frac{u - sqrt{C}}{u + sqrt{C}}Big)},end{equation} which is good since $u ge sqrt{C}$.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:12
add a comment |
$begingroup$
$intfrac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) x^3}}{x}dx=intfrac{left(sqrt{C + (1 - C) x^3}right)x^2}{x^3}dx$
Let $C + (1 - C) x^3=u^2$
$3(1 - C) x^2dx=2udu$
$frac{2}{3}intfrac{u^2du}{u^2-C}du$
$frac{2}{3}intleft(1+frac{c}{u^2-C}right)du$
$frac{2}{3}left(u+Cintfrac{du}{u^2-sqrt{C}^2}right)$
$frac{2}{3}left(u-Cfrac{Arctanh(frac{u}{sqrt{C}})}{sqrt{C}}right)$
Substituting back gives
begin{equation}tag{2}
frac{2}{3} sqrt{C + (1 - C), x^3} - frac{2}{3} sqrt{C} , mathrm{argtanh} Big( frac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) , x^3}}{sqrt{C}} Big).
end{equation}
FunctionDomain[ArcTanh[Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]], x]
-1 < Sqrt[C + x^3 - C x^3]/Sqrt[C] < 1 && -C - x^3 + C x^3 <= 0
Or
ArcTanh[Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]] // TrigToExp
-(1/2) Log[1 - Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]] + 1/2 Log[1 + Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]]
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
There's still a problem with the argument of arctanh.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:06
$begingroup$
I think it's better to split the integral of $frac{1}{u^2 - C}$ in two parts : $frac{1}{u - sqrt{C}} - frac{1}{u + sqrt{C}}$, then integration gives a $ln{dots}$.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:09
$begingroup$
They are equivalent..
$endgroup$
– Okkes Dulgerci
Jan 13 at 17:12
$begingroup$
My solution appears to be this: begin{equation} frac{2 u}{3 sqrt{C}} + frac{1}{3} , ln{Big(frac{u - sqrt{C}}{u + sqrt{C}}Big)},end{equation} which is good since $u ge sqrt{C}$.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:12
add a comment |
$begingroup$
$intfrac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) x^3}}{x}dx=intfrac{left(sqrt{C + (1 - C) x^3}right)x^2}{x^3}dx$
Let $C + (1 - C) x^3=u^2$
$3(1 - C) x^2dx=2udu$
$frac{2}{3}intfrac{u^2du}{u^2-C}du$
$frac{2}{3}intleft(1+frac{c}{u^2-C}right)du$
$frac{2}{3}left(u+Cintfrac{du}{u^2-sqrt{C}^2}right)$
$frac{2}{3}left(u-Cfrac{Arctanh(frac{u}{sqrt{C}})}{sqrt{C}}right)$
Substituting back gives
begin{equation}tag{2}
frac{2}{3} sqrt{C + (1 - C), x^3} - frac{2}{3} sqrt{C} , mathrm{argtanh} Big( frac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) , x^3}}{sqrt{C}} Big).
end{equation}
FunctionDomain[ArcTanh[Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]], x]
-1 < Sqrt[C + x^3 - C x^3]/Sqrt[C] < 1 && -C - x^3 + C x^3 <= 0
Or
ArcTanh[Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]] // TrigToExp
-(1/2) Log[1 - Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]] + 1/2 Log[1 + Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]]
$endgroup$
$intfrac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) x^3}}{x}dx=intfrac{left(sqrt{C + (1 - C) x^3}right)x^2}{x^3}dx$
Let $C + (1 - C) x^3=u^2$
$3(1 - C) x^2dx=2udu$
$frac{2}{3}intfrac{u^2du}{u^2-C}du$
$frac{2}{3}intleft(1+frac{c}{u^2-C}right)du$
$frac{2}{3}left(u+Cintfrac{du}{u^2-sqrt{C}^2}right)$
$frac{2}{3}left(u-Cfrac{Arctanh(frac{u}{sqrt{C}})}{sqrt{C}}right)$
Substituting back gives
begin{equation}tag{2}
frac{2}{3} sqrt{C + (1 - C), x^3} - frac{2}{3} sqrt{C} , mathrm{argtanh} Big( frac{sqrt{C + (1 - C) , x^3}}{sqrt{C}} Big).
end{equation}
FunctionDomain[ArcTanh[Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]], x]
-1 < Sqrt[C + x^3 - C x^3]/Sqrt[C] < 1 && -C - x^3 + C x^3 <= 0
Or
ArcTanh[Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]] // TrigToExp
-(1/2) Log[1 - Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]] + 1/2 Log[1 + Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/Sqrt[C]]
edited Jan 13 at 17:10
answered Jan 13 at 16:47
Okkes DulgerciOkkes Dulgerci
4,9621817
4,9621817
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There's still a problem with the argument of arctanh.
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– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:06
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I think it's better to split the integral of $frac{1}{u^2 - C}$ in two parts : $frac{1}{u - sqrt{C}} - frac{1}{u + sqrt{C}}$, then integration gives a $ln{dots}$.
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– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:09
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They are equivalent..
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– Okkes Dulgerci
Jan 13 at 17:12
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My solution appears to be this: begin{equation} frac{2 u}{3 sqrt{C}} + frac{1}{3} , ln{Big(frac{u - sqrt{C}}{u + sqrt{C}}Big)},end{equation} which is good since $u ge sqrt{C}$.
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– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:12
add a comment |
$begingroup$
There's still a problem with the argument of arctanh.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:06
$begingroup$
I think it's better to split the integral of $frac{1}{u^2 - C}$ in two parts : $frac{1}{u - sqrt{C}} - frac{1}{u + sqrt{C}}$, then integration gives a $ln{dots}$.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:09
$begingroup$
They are equivalent..
$endgroup$
– Okkes Dulgerci
Jan 13 at 17:12
$begingroup$
My solution appears to be this: begin{equation} frac{2 u}{3 sqrt{C}} + frac{1}{3} , ln{Big(frac{u - sqrt{C}}{u + sqrt{C}}Big)},end{equation} which is good since $u ge sqrt{C}$.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:12
$begingroup$
There's still a problem with the argument of arctanh.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:06
$begingroup$
There's still a problem with the argument of arctanh.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:06
$begingroup$
I think it's better to split the integral of $frac{1}{u^2 - C}$ in two parts : $frac{1}{u - sqrt{C}} - frac{1}{u + sqrt{C}}$, then integration gives a $ln{dots}$.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:09
$begingroup$
I think it's better to split the integral of $frac{1}{u^2 - C}$ in two parts : $frac{1}{u - sqrt{C}} - frac{1}{u + sqrt{C}}$, then integration gives a $ln{dots}$.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:09
$begingroup$
They are equivalent..
$endgroup$
– Okkes Dulgerci
Jan 13 at 17:12
$begingroup$
They are equivalent..
$endgroup$
– Okkes Dulgerci
Jan 13 at 17:12
$begingroup$
My solution appears to be this: begin{equation} frac{2 u}{3 sqrt{C}} + frac{1}{3} , ln{Big(frac{u - sqrt{C}}{u + sqrt{C}}Big)},end{equation} which is good since $u ge sqrt{C}$.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:12
$begingroup$
My solution appears to be this: begin{equation} frac{2 u}{3 sqrt{C}} + frac{1}{3} , ln{Big(frac{u - sqrt{C}}{u + sqrt{C}}Big)},end{equation} which is good since $u ge sqrt{C}$.
$endgroup$
– Cham
Jan 13 at 17:12
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Here are four five six forms for an antiderivative, the first ad1
being the same as the OP's and complex-valued over the intended domain. The other three four five are real-valued.
ad1 = Integrate[Sqrt[c + (1 - c) x^3]/x, x, Assumptions -> 0 < c < 1]
(* 2/3 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] - 2/3 Sqrt[c] ArcTanh[Sqrt[c + (1 - c) x^3]/Sqrt[c]] *)
The imaginary part of ad
is constant so we can subtract it off (which is the point of @JimB's comment under the OP):
ad2 = ad1 /. {{x -> 1}, {x -> x}} // Differences // First;
Assuming[0 < c < 1 && x > 0,
TrigToExp@ad2 /. {Log[z_] /; Simplify[z < 0] :> Log[-1] + Log[-z]} //
Expand // FullSimplify
]
(*
2/3 (-1 + Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] +
Sqrt[c] ArcTanh[(Sqrt[c] (x^3 - Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]))/(c + x^3)])
*)
Applying the identity,
$$tanh ^{-1}left(frac{1}{z}right) - tanh ^{-1}(z)=frac{i pi}{2} ,,$$
changes ad1
by a constant, which results in another antiderivative:
ad3 = ad1 /. ArcTanh[z_] :> ArcTanh[1/z]
(* 2/3 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] - 2/3 Sqrt[c] ArcTanh[Sqrt[c]/Sqrt[c + (1 - c) x^3]] *)
Rewrite ad3
in terms of logarithms:
ad4 = TrigToExp@ad3 /.
a__ Log[u_] + b__ Log[v_] + w__ /; Times@a == -Times@b :> a Log@Simplify[u/v] + w
(*
2/3 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] +
1/3 Sqrt[c] Log[(-Sqrt[c] + Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]) /
(Sqrt[c] + Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3])]
*)
Check:
D[{ad1, ad2, ad3, ad4}, x] // Simplify
(*
{Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x, Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x,
Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x, Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x}
*)
Addendum:
Here is a fifth, the real part of ad1
:
ad5 = ComplexExpand[Re[ad1], TargetFunctions -> {Re, Im}] //
Simplify[#, 0 < c < 1 && x > (c/(1 - c))^(1/3)] &
(*
1/6 (4 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] +
Sqrt[c] Log[(x^3 - c (-2 + x^3) - 2 Sqrt[c (c + x^3 - c x^3)])/c] -
Sqrt[c] Log[(x^3 - c (-2 + x^3) + 2 Sqrt[c (c + x^3 - c x^3)])/c])
*)
Addendum 2:
Doing a line integral within the domain of interest will often give the desired result; however, this time it ran forever, until I turned off GenerateConditions
. The antiderivative comes back in terms of HypergeometricPFQ
which can be simplified with the aid of FunctionExpand
.
Assuming[0 < c < 1 && x > 0 && t > 0,
ad6 = Simplify@ FunctionExpand@
Integrate[Sqrt[c + (1 - c) t^3]/t, {t, 1, x},
Assumptions -> 0 < c < 1 && x > 0, GenerateConditions -> False]
]
(*
1/3 (-2 + 2 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] + 2 Sqrt[c] Log[1 + 1/Sqrt[c]] +
3 Sqrt[c] Log[x] - 2 Sqrt[c] Log[1 + Sqrt[1 + (-1 + 1/c) x^3]])
*)
(* Check *)
Simplify[D[ad6, x] - Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x, 0 < c < 1 && x > 0]
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Here are four five six forms for an antiderivative, the first ad1
being the same as the OP's and complex-valued over the intended domain. The other three four five are real-valued.
ad1 = Integrate[Sqrt[c + (1 - c) x^3]/x, x, Assumptions -> 0 < c < 1]
(* 2/3 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] - 2/3 Sqrt[c] ArcTanh[Sqrt[c + (1 - c) x^3]/Sqrt[c]] *)
The imaginary part of ad
is constant so we can subtract it off (which is the point of @JimB's comment under the OP):
ad2 = ad1 /. {{x -> 1}, {x -> x}} // Differences // First;
Assuming[0 < c < 1 && x > 0,
TrigToExp@ad2 /. {Log[z_] /; Simplify[z < 0] :> Log[-1] + Log[-z]} //
Expand // FullSimplify
]
(*
2/3 (-1 + Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] +
Sqrt[c] ArcTanh[(Sqrt[c] (x^3 - Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]))/(c + x^3)])
*)
Applying the identity,
$$tanh ^{-1}left(frac{1}{z}right) - tanh ^{-1}(z)=frac{i pi}{2} ,,$$
changes ad1
by a constant, which results in another antiderivative:
ad3 = ad1 /. ArcTanh[z_] :> ArcTanh[1/z]
(* 2/3 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] - 2/3 Sqrt[c] ArcTanh[Sqrt[c]/Sqrt[c + (1 - c) x^3]] *)
Rewrite ad3
in terms of logarithms:
ad4 = TrigToExp@ad3 /.
a__ Log[u_] + b__ Log[v_] + w__ /; Times@a == -Times@b :> a Log@Simplify[u/v] + w
(*
2/3 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] +
1/3 Sqrt[c] Log[(-Sqrt[c] + Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]) /
(Sqrt[c] + Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3])]
*)
Check:
D[{ad1, ad2, ad3, ad4}, x] // Simplify
(*
{Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x, Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x,
Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x, Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x}
*)
Addendum:
Here is a fifth, the real part of ad1
:
ad5 = ComplexExpand[Re[ad1], TargetFunctions -> {Re, Im}] //
Simplify[#, 0 < c < 1 && x > (c/(1 - c))^(1/3)] &
(*
1/6 (4 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] +
Sqrt[c] Log[(x^3 - c (-2 + x^3) - 2 Sqrt[c (c + x^3 - c x^3)])/c] -
Sqrt[c] Log[(x^3 - c (-2 + x^3) + 2 Sqrt[c (c + x^3 - c x^3)])/c])
*)
Addendum 2:
Doing a line integral within the domain of interest will often give the desired result; however, this time it ran forever, until I turned off GenerateConditions
. The antiderivative comes back in terms of HypergeometricPFQ
which can be simplified with the aid of FunctionExpand
.
Assuming[0 < c < 1 && x > 0 && t > 0,
ad6 = Simplify@ FunctionExpand@
Integrate[Sqrt[c + (1 - c) t^3]/t, {t, 1, x},
Assumptions -> 0 < c < 1 && x > 0, GenerateConditions -> False]
]
(*
1/3 (-2 + 2 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] + 2 Sqrt[c] Log[1 + 1/Sqrt[c]] +
3 Sqrt[c] Log[x] - 2 Sqrt[c] Log[1 + Sqrt[1 + (-1 + 1/c) x^3]])
*)
(* Check *)
Simplify[D[ad6, x] - Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x, 0 < c < 1 && x > 0]
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Here are four five six forms for an antiderivative, the first ad1
being the same as the OP's and complex-valued over the intended domain. The other three four five are real-valued.
ad1 = Integrate[Sqrt[c + (1 - c) x^3]/x, x, Assumptions -> 0 < c < 1]
(* 2/3 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] - 2/3 Sqrt[c] ArcTanh[Sqrt[c + (1 - c) x^3]/Sqrt[c]] *)
The imaginary part of ad
is constant so we can subtract it off (which is the point of @JimB's comment under the OP):
ad2 = ad1 /. {{x -> 1}, {x -> x}} // Differences // First;
Assuming[0 < c < 1 && x > 0,
TrigToExp@ad2 /. {Log[z_] /; Simplify[z < 0] :> Log[-1] + Log[-z]} //
Expand // FullSimplify
]
(*
2/3 (-1 + Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] +
Sqrt[c] ArcTanh[(Sqrt[c] (x^3 - Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]))/(c + x^3)])
*)
Applying the identity,
$$tanh ^{-1}left(frac{1}{z}right) - tanh ^{-1}(z)=frac{i pi}{2} ,,$$
changes ad1
by a constant, which results in another antiderivative:
ad3 = ad1 /. ArcTanh[z_] :> ArcTanh[1/z]
(* 2/3 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] - 2/3 Sqrt[c] ArcTanh[Sqrt[c]/Sqrt[c + (1 - c) x^3]] *)
Rewrite ad3
in terms of logarithms:
ad4 = TrigToExp@ad3 /.
a__ Log[u_] + b__ Log[v_] + w__ /; Times@a == -Times@b :> a Log@Simplify[u/v] + w
(*
2/3 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] +
1/3 Sqrt[c] Log[(-Sqrt[c] + Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]) /
(Sqrt[c] + Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3])]
*)
Check:
D[{ad1, ad2, ad3, ad4}, x] // Simplify
(*
{Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x, Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x,
Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x, Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x}
*)
Addendum:
Here is a fifth, the real part of ad1
:
ad5 = ComplexExpand[Re[ad1], TargetFunctions -> {Re, Im}] //
Simplify[#, 0 < c < 1 && x > (c/(1 - c))^(1/3)] &
(*
1/6 (4 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] +
Sqrt[c] Log[(x^3 - c (-2 + x^3) - 2 Sqrt[c (c + x^3 - c x^3)])/c] -
Sqrt[c] Log[(x^3 - c (-2 + x^3) + 2 Sqrt[c (c + x^3 - c x^3)])/c])
*)
Addendum 2:
Doing a line integral within the domain of interest will often give the desired result; however, this time it ran forever, until I turned off GenerateConditions
. The antiderivative comes back in terms of HypergeometricPFQ
which can be simplified with the aid of FunctionExpand
.
Assuming[0 < c < 1 && x > 0 && t > 0,
ad6 = Simplify@ FunctionExpand@
Integrate[Sqrt[c + (1 - c) t^3]/t, {t, 1, x},
Assumptions -> 0 < c < 1 && x > 0, GenerateConditions -> False]
]
(*
1/3 (-2 + 2 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] + 2 Sqrt[c] Log[1 + 1/Sqrt[c]] +
3 Sqrt[c] Log[x] - 2 Sqrt[c] Log[1 + Sqrt[1 + (-1 + 1/c) x^3]])
*)
(* Check *)
Simplify[D[ad6, x] - Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x, 0 < c < 1 && x > 0]
$endgroup$
Here are four five six forms for an antiderivative, the first ad1
being the same as the OP's and complex-valued over the intended domain. The other three four five are real-valued.
ad1 = Integrate[Sqrt[c + (1 - c) x^3]/x, x, Assumptions -> 0 < c < 1]
(* 2/3 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] - 2/3 Sqrt[c] ArcTanh[Sqrt[c + (1 - c) x^3]/Sqrt[c]] *)
The imaginary part of ad
is constant so we can subtract it off (which is the point of @JimB's comment under the OP):
ad2 = ad1 /. {{x -> 1}, {x -> x}} // Differences // First;
Assuming[0 < c < 1 && x > 0,
TrigToExp@ad2 /. {Log[z_] /; Simplify[z < 0] :> Log[-1] + Log[-z]} //
Expand // FullSimplify
]
(*
2/3 (-1 + Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] +
Sqrt[c] ArcTanh[(Sqrt[c] (x^3 - Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]))/(c + x^3)])
*)
Applying the identity,
$$tanh ^{-1}left(frac{1}{z}right) - tanh ^{-1}(z)=frac{i pi}{2} ,,$$
changes ad1
by a constant, which results in another antiderivative:
ad3 = ad1 /. ArcTanh[z_] :> ArcTanh[1/z]
(* 2/3 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] - 2/3 Sqrt[c] ArcTanh[Sqrt[c]/Sqrt[c + (1 - c) x^3]] *)
Rewrite ad3
in terms of logarithms:
ad4 = TrigToExp@ad3 /.
a__ Log[u_] + b__ Log[v_] + w__ /; Times@a == -Times@b :> a Log@Simplify[u/v] + w
(*
2/3 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] +
1/3 Sqrt[c] Log[(-Sqrt[c] + Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]) /
(Sqrt[c] + Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3])]
*)
Check:
D[{ad1, ad2, ad3, ad4}, x] // Simplify
(*
{Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x, Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x,
Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x, Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x}
*)
Addendum:
Here is a fifth, the real part of ad1
:
ad5 = ComplexExpand[Re[ad1], TargetFunctions -> {Re, Im}] //
Simplify[#, 0 < c < 1 && x > (c/(1 - c))^(1/3)] &
(*
1/6 (4 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] +
Sqrt[c] Log[(x^3 - c (-2 + x^3) - 2 Sqrt[c (c + x^3 - c x^3)])/c] -
Sqrt[c] Log[(x^3 - c (-2 + x^3) + 2 Sqrt[c (c + x^3 - c x^3)])/c])
*)
Addendum 2:
Doing a line integral within the domain of interest will often give the desired result; however, this time it ran forever, until I turned off GenerateConditions
. The antiderivative comes back in terms of HypergeometricPFQ
which can be simplified with the aid of FunctionExpand
.
Assuming[0 < c < 1 && x > 0 && t > 0,
ad6 = Simplify@ FunctionExpand@
Integrate[Sqrt[c + (1 - c) t^3]/t, {t, 1, x},
Assumptions -> 0 < c < 1 && x > 0, GenerateConditions -> False]
]
(*
1/3 (-2 + 2 Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3] + 2 Sqrt[c] Log[1 + 1/Sqrt[c]] +
3 Sqrt[c] Log[x] - 2 Sqrt[c] Log[1 + Sqrt[1 + (-1 + 1/c) x^3]])
*)
(* Check *)
Simplify[D[ad6, x] - Sqrt[c + x^3 - c x^3]/x, 0 < c < 1 && x > 0]
edited Jan 13 at 22:29
answered Jan 13 at 18:26
Michael E2Michael E2
147k12197473
147k12197473
add a comment |
add a comment |
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When evaluating a definite integral don't the imaginary parts cancel out?
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– JimB
Jan 13 at 16:31
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@JimB, I need the general solution on the indefinite integration, since I don't know the limits of the variable $x$ (except that $x > 0$). It's the solution of some differential equation.
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– Cham
Jan 13 at 16:34
1
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You should change the subject line of the question from "wrong" to perhaps "unexpected" since
Assuming[{0<C<1, x>=0}, Sqrt[C+(1-C) x^3]/x == D[Integrate[Sqrt[C+(1-C) x^3]/x, x], x] // Simplify]
evaluates toTrue
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– Bob Hanlon
Jan 13 at 20:25
2
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Tha antiderivative shown is fine. Can check by differentiation:
In[646]:= i0 = Sqrt[C + (1 - C) x^3]/x; i1 = Integrate[i0, x]; Simplify[D[i1, x] - i0] Out[648]= 0
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– Daniel Lichtblau
Jan 13 at 21:59