Inequality with exponents $x^x+y^y ge x^y +y^x$











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Let $x,y$ be positive numbers. Prove that $x^x+y^y ge x^y +y^x$.



This question appeared in Summer 1991 Russian Olympiad team test. Apparently, I tried to come up with different approach such as Jensen, Karamata's inequality and nothing works so far. I just need a discussion here. Hints are not necessary.










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  • :use $AM-GM$ inequality or define function $(f(x)=x^x)$
    – M.H
    Jun 4 '13 at 11:03










  • Can you elaborate a bit more because I have used AM-GM but the difference in the power could be a major issue?
    – Viet Hoang Quoc
    Jun 4 '13 at 11:13












  • There is a long ML thread about this and related ones at artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=118722
    – Wolfgang
    Oct 12 '13 at 16:41















up vote
7
down vote

favorite
3












Let $x,y$ be positive numbers. Prove that $x^x+y^y ge x^y +y^x$.



This question appeared in Summer 1991 Russian Olympiad team test. Apparently, I tried to come up with different approach such as Jensen, Karamata's inequality and nothing works so far. I just need a discussion here. Hints are not necessary.










share|cite|improve this question
























  • :use $AM-GM$ inequality or define function $(f(x)=x^x)$
    – M.H
    Jun 4 '13 at 11:03










  • Can you elaborate a bit more because I have used AM-GM but the difference in the power could be a major issue?
    – Viet Hoang Quoc
    Jun 4 '13 at 11:13












  • There is a long ML thread about this and related ones at artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=118722
    – Wolfgang
    Oct 12 '13 at 16:41













up vote
7
down vote

favorite
3









up vote
7
down vote

favorite
3






3





Let $x,y$ be positive numbers. Prove that $x^x+y^y ge x^y +y^x$.



This question appeared in Summer 1991 Russian Olympiad team test. Apparently, I tried to come up with different approach such as Jensen, Karamata's inequality and nothing works so far. I just need a discussion here. Hints are not necessary.










share|cite|improve this question















Let $x,y$ be positive numbers. Prove that $x^x+y^y ge x^y +y^x$.



This question appeared in Summer 1991 Russian Olympiad team test. Apparently, I tried to come up with different approach such as Jensen, Karamata's inequality and nothing works so far. I just need a discussion here. Hints are not necessary.







inequality contest-math exponentiation






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edited 2 days ago









Michael Rozenberg

94.2k1588183




94.2k1588183










asked Jun 4 '13 at 10:52









Viet Hoang Quoc

544




544












  • :use $AM-GM$ inequality or define function $(f(x)=x^x)$
    – M.H
    Jun 4 '13 at 11:03










  • Can you elaborate a bit more because I have used AM-GM but the difference in the power could be a major issue?
    – Viet Hoang Quoc
    Jun 4 '13 at 11:13












  • There is a long ML thread about this and related ones at artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=118722
    – Wolfgang
    Oct 12 '13 at 16:41


















  • :use $AM-GM$ inequality or define function $(f(x)=x^x)$
    – M.H
    Jun 4 '13 at 11:03










  • Can you elaborate a bit more because I have used AM-GM but the difference in the power could be a major issue?
    – Viet Hoang Quoc
    Jun 4 '13 at 11:13












  • There is a long ML thread about this and related ones at artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=118722
    – Wolfgang
    Oct 12 '13 at 16:41
















:use $AM-GM$ inequality or define function $(f(x)=x^x)$
– M.H
Jun 4 '13 at 11:03




:use $AM-GM$ inequality or define function $(f(x)=x^x)$
– M.H
Jun 4 '13 at 11:03












Can you elaborate a bit more because I have used AM-GM but the difference in the power could be a major issue?
– Viet Hoang Quoc
Jun 4 '13 at 11:13






Can you elaborate a bit more because I have used AM-GM but the difference in the power could be a major issue?
– Viet Hoang Quoc
Jun 4 '13 at 11:13














There is a long ML thread about this and related ones at artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=118722
– Wolfgang
Oct 12 '13 at 16:41




There is a long ML thread about this and related ones at artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/viewtopic.php?f=52&t=118722
– Wolfgang
Oct 12 '13 at 16:41










4 Answers
4






active

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up vote
1
down vote













without loss of generality we only prove by $0le yle xle 1$,let
$$f(a)=a^{bx}-a^{by},xge age y,1ge bx-byge 0$$
then
$$(a^{bx-by})'_{a}=dfrac{bx-by}{a}cdot a^{bx-by}>0,Longrightarrow a^{bx-by}ge y^{bx-by}cdots (1)$$
since use $AM-GM$ inequality,we have
$$y^{1+y-x}1^{x+xy-y^2-y}leleft(dfrac{x}{1+xy-y^2}right)^{1+xy-y^2}le xcdots (2)$$
and
$$f'(a)=dfrac{bx}{a}cdot a^{bx}-dfrac{by}{a}cdot a^{by}=dfrac{ba^{by}}{a}(xa^{b(x-y)}-y)=$$
so use $(1),(2)$ we have
$$f'(a)ge ba^{by-1}(xy^{b(x-y)}-y)=ba^{by-1}y^{b(x-y)}(x-y^{1-b(x-y)})ge 0
$$
so
$$f(x)ge f(y)Longrightarrow x^{bx}+y^{by}ge x^{by}+y^{bx}$$
let $b=1$



we have
$$x^x+y^yge x^y+y^x$$






share|cite|improve this answer





















  • The differentiation step does not look right to me, we have either $ (a^x)' = ln (a) times a^x $ or $(x^a)'=a times x^{a-1}$.
    – Viet Hoang Quoc
    Jun 5 '13 at 8:15












  • I use $(x^a)'_{x}=atimes x^{a-1}$..
    – math110
    Sep 3 '13 at 0:43


















up vote
1
down vote













Let $xgeq y$.



We'll consider two cases.





  1. $xgeq1$.


Hence, $$x^x+y^y=x^yleft(x^{x-y}-1right)+x^y+y^ygeq y^yleft(x^{x-y}-1right)+x^y+y^ygeq$$
$$geq y^yleft(y^{x-y}-1right)+x^y+y^ygeq x^y+y^x.$$
2. $1>xgeq y>0.$



Let $f(t)=t^x-t^y$, where $tin[y,1).$



Thus, by Bernoulli we obtain:
$$f'(t)=xt^{x-1}-yt^{y-1}=t^{y-1}left(xt^{x-y}-yright)geq$$
$$geq t^{y-1}left(xy^{x-y}-yright)=t^{y-1}y^{x-y}left(x-y^{1-x+y}right)=$$
$$=t^{y-1}y^{x-y}left(x-(1+(y-1))^{1-x+y}right)geq$$
$$geq t^{y-1}y^{x-y}left(x-(1+(y-1)(1-x+y))right)=t^{y-1}y^{x-y}y(x-y)geq0,$$
which gives $$f(x)geq f(y)$$ or
$$x^x-x^ygeq y^x-y^y$$ or
$$x^x+y^ygeq x^y+y^x$$ and we are done!






share|cite|improve this answer




























    up vote
    0
    down vote













    Assume $xge y$ by symmetry. We want
    $$x^x-x^yge y^x-y^y.$$
    i.e. $$x^y(x^{x-y}-1)ge y^y(y^{x-y}-1),$$
    which is then easy to show by listing all possible cases according to how $x,y$ compare to 1.






    share|cite|improve this answer




























      up vote
      -3
      down vote













      Use induction, taking the base case x=0






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      • 3




        This happens for all positive real number and induction clearly does not work nicely here.
        – Viet Hoang Quoc
        Jun 4 '13 at 11:29






      • 2




        This is wrong in the general case. @stancamp1, you may want to edit this answer or delete it in order to avoid downvotes.
        – DonAntonio
        Jun 4 '13 at 11:39











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      4 Answers
      4






      active

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      4 Answers
      4






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      active

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      up vote
      1
      down vote













      without loss of generality we only prove by $0le yle xle 1$,let
      $$f(a)=a^{bx}-a^{by},xge age y,1ge bx-byge 0$$
      then
      $$(a^{bx-by})'_{a}=dfrac{bx-by}{a}cdot a^{bx-by}>0,Longrightarrow a^{bx-by}ge y^{bx-by}cdots (1)$$
      since use $AM-GM$ inequality,we have
      $$y^{1+y-x}1^{x+xy-y^2-y}leleft(dfrac{x}{1+xy-y^2}right)^{1+xy-y^2}le xcdots (2)$$
      and
      $$f'(a)=dfrac{bx}{a}cdot a^{bx}-dfrac{by}{a}cdot a^{by}=dfrac{ba^{by}}{a}(xa^{b(x-y)}-y)=$$
      so use $(1),(2)$ we have
      $$f'(a)ge ba^{by-1}(xy^{b(x-y)}-y)=ba^{by-1}y^{b(x-y)}(x-y^{1-b(x-y)})ge 0
      $$
      so
      $$f(x)ge f(y)Longrightarrow x^{bx}+y^{by}ge x^{by}+y^{bx}$$
      let $b=1$



      we have
      $$x^x+y^yge x^y+y^x$$






      share|cite|improve this answer





















      • The differentiation step does not look right to me, we have either $ (a^x)' = ln (a) times a^x $ or $(x^a)'=a times x^{a-1}$.
        – Viet Hoang Quoc
        Jun 5 '13 at 8:15












      • I use $(x^a)'_{x}=atimes x^{a-1}$..
        – math110
        Sep 3 '13 at 0:43















      up vote
      1
      down vote













      without loss of generality we only prove by $0le yle xle 1$,let
      $$f(a)=a^{bx}-a^{by},xge age y,1ge bx-byge 0$$
      then
      $$(a^{bx-by})'_{a}=dfrac{bx-by}{a}cdot a^{bx-by}>0,Longrightarrow a^{bx-by}ge y^{bx-by}cdots (1)$$
      since use $AM-GM$ inequality,we have
      $$y^{1+y-x}1^{x+xy-y^2-y}leleft(dfrac{x}{1+xy-y^2}right)^{1+xy-y^2}le xcdots (2)$$
      and
      $$f'(a)=dfrac{bx}{a}cdot a^{bx}-dfrac{by}{a}cdot a^{by}=dfrac{ba^{by}}{a}(xa^{b(x-y)}-y)=$$
      so use $(1),(2)$ we have
      $$f'(a)ge ba^{by-1}(xy^{b(x-y)}-y)=ba^{by-1}y^{b(x-y)}(x-y^{1-b(x-y)})ge 0
      $$
      so
      $$f(x)ge f(y)Longrightarrow x^{bx}+y^{by}ge x^{by}+y^{bx}$$
      let $b=1$



      we have
      $$x^x+y^yge x^y+y^x$$






      share|cite|improve this answer





















      • The differentiation step does not look right to me, we have either $ (a^x)' = ln (a) times a^x $ or $(x^a)'=a times x^{a-1}$.
        – Viet Hoang Quoc
        Jun 5 '13 at 8:15












      • I use $(x^a)'_{x}=atimes x^{a-1}$..
        – math110
        Sep 3 '13 at 0:43













      up vote
      1
      down vote










      up vote
      1
      down vote









      without loss of generality we only prove by $0le yle xle 1$,let
      $$f(a)=a^{bx}-a^{by},xge age y,1ge bx-byge 0$$
      then
      $$(a^{bx-by})'_{a}=dfrac{bx-by}{a}cdot a^{bx-by}>0,Longrightarrow a^{bx-by}ge y^{bx-by}cdots (1)$$
      since use $AM-GM$ inequality,we have
      $$y^{1+y-x}1^{x+xy-y^2-y}leleft(dfrac{x}{1+xy-y^2}right)^{1+xy-y^2}le xcdots (2)$$
      and
      $$f'(a)=dfrac{bx}{a}cdot a^{bx}-dfrac{by}{a}cdot a^{by}=dfrac{ba^{by}}{a}(xa^{b(x-y)}-y)=$$
      so use $(1),(2)$ we have
      $$f'(a)ge ba^{by-1}(xy^{b(x-y)}-y)=ba^{by-1}y^{b(x-y)}(x-y^{1-b(x-y)})ge 0
      $$
      so
      $$f(x)ge f(y)Longrightarrow x^{bx}+y^{by}ge x^{by}+y^{bx}$$
      let $b=1$



      we have
      $$x^x+y^yge x^y+y^x$$






      share|cite|improve this answer












      without loss of generality we only prove by $0le yle xle 1$,let
      $$f(a)=a^{bx}-a^{by},xge age y,1ge bx-byge 0$$
      then
      $$(a^{bx-by})'_{a}=dfrac{bx-by}{a}cdot a^{bx-by}>0,Longrightarrow a^{bx-by}ge y^{bx-by}cdots (1)$$
      since use $AM-GM$ inequality,we have
      $$y^{1+y-x}1^{x+xy-y^2-y}leleft(dfrac{x}{1+xy-y^2}right)^{1+xy-y^2}le xcdots (2)$$
      and
      $$f'(a)=dfrac{bx}{a}cdot a^{bx}-dfrac{by}{a}cdot a^{by}=dfrac{ba^{by}}{a}(xa^{b(x-y)}-y)=$$
      so use $(1),(2)$ we have
      $$f'(a)ge ba^{by-1}(xy^{b(x-y)}-y)=ba^{by-1}y^{b(x-y)}(x-y^{1-b(x-y)})ge 0
      $$
      so
      $$f(x)ge f(y)Longrightarrow x^{bx}+y^{by}ge x^{by}+y^{bx}$$
      let $b=1$



      we have
      $$x^x+y^yge x^y+y^x$$







      share|cite|improve this answer












      share|cite|improve this answer



      share|cite|improve this answer










      answered Jun 4 '13 at 12:21









      math110

      32.4k455215




      32.4k455215












      • The differentiation step does not look right to me, we have either $ (a^x)' = ln (a) times a^x $ or $(x^a)'=a times x^{a-1}$.
        – Viet Hoang Quoc
        Jun 5 '13 at 8:15












      • I use $(x^a)'_{x}=atimes x^{a-1}$..
        – math110
        Sep 3 '13 at 0:43


















      • The differentiation step does not look right to me, we have either $ (a^x)' = ln (a) times a^x $ or $(x^a)'=a times x^{a-1}$.
        – Viet Hoang Quoc
        Jun 5 '13 at 8:15












      • I use $(x^a)'_{x}=atimes x^{a-1}$..
        – math110
        Sep 3 '13 at 0:43
















      The differentiation step does not look right to me, we have either $ (a^x)' = ln (a) times a^x $ or $(x^a)'=a times x^{a-1}$.
      – Viet Hoang Quoc
      Jun 5 '13 at 8:15






      The differentiation step does not look right to me, we have either $ (a^x)' = ln (a) times a^x $ or $(x^a)'=a times x^{a-1}$.
      – Viet Hoang Quoc
      Jun 5 '13 at 8:15














      I use $(x^a)'_{x}=atimes x^{a-1}$..
      – math110
      Sep 3 '13 at 0:43




      I use $(x^a)'_{x}=atimes x^{a-1}$..
      – math110
      Sep 3 '13 at 0:43










      up vote
      1
      down vote













      Let $xgeq y$.



      We'll consider two cases.





      1. $xgeq1$.


      Hence, $$x^x+y^y=x^yleft(x^{x-y}-1right)+x^y+y^ygeq y^yleft(x^{x-y}-1right)+x^y+y^ygeq$$
      $$geq y^yleft(y^{x-y}-1right)+x^y+y^ygeq x^y+y^x.$$
      2. $1>xgeq y>0.$



      Let $f(t)=t^x-t^y$, where $tin[y,1).$



      Thus, by Bernoulli we obtain:
      $$f'(t)=xt^{x-1}-yt^{y-1}=t^{y-1}left(xt^{x-y}-yright)geq$$
      $$geq t^{y-1}left(xy^{x-y}-yright)=t^{y-1}y^{x-y}left(x-y^{1-x+y}right)=$$
      $$=t^{y-1}y^{x-y}left(x-(1+(y-1))^{1-x+y}right)geq$$
      $$geq t^{y-1}y^{x-y}left(x-(1+(y-1)(1-x+y))right)=t^{y-1}y^{x-y}y(x-y)geq0,$$
      which gives $$f(x)geq f(y)$$ or
      $$x^x-x^ygeq y^x-y^y$$ or
      $$x^x+y^ygeq x^y+y^x$$ and we are done!






      share|cite|improve this answer

























        up vote
        1
        down vote













        Let $xgeq y$.



        We'll consider two cases.





        1. $xgeq1$.


        Hence, $$x^x+y^y=x^yleft(x^{x-y}-1right)+x^y+y^ygeq y^yleft(x^{x-y}-1right)+x^y+y^ygeq$$
        $$geq y^yleft(y^{x-y}-1right)+x^y+y^ygeq x^y+y^x.$$
        2. $1>xgeq y>0.$



        Let $f(t)=t^x-t^y$, where $tin[y,1).$



        Thus, by Bernoulli we obtain:
        $$f'(t)=xt^{x-1}-yt^{y-1}=t^{y-1}left(xt^{x-y}-yright)geq$$
        $$geq t^{y-1}left(xy^{x-y}-yright)=t^{y-1}y^{x-y}left(x-y^{1-x+y}right)=$$
        $$=t^{y-1}y^{x-y}left(x-(1+(y-1))^{1-x+y}right)geq$$
        $$geq t^{y-1}y^{x-y}left(x-(1+(y-1)(1-x+y))right)=t^{y-1}y^{x-y}y(x-y)geq0,$$
        which gives $$f(x)geq f(y)$$ or
        $$x^x-x^ygeq y^x-y^y$$ or
        $$x^x+y^ygeq x^y+y^x$$ and we are done!






        share|cite|improve this answer























          up vote
          1
          down vote










          up vote
          1
          down vote









          Let $xgeq y$.



          We'll consider two cases.





          1. $xgeq1$.


          Hence, $$x^x+y^y=x^yleft(x^{x-y}-1right)+x^y+y^ygeq y^yleft(x^{x-y}-1right)+x^y+y^ygeq$$
          $$geq y^yleft(y^{x-y}-1right)+x^y+y^ygeq x^y+y^x.$$
          2. $1>xgeq y>0.$



          Let $f(t)=t^x-t^y$, where $tin[y,1).$



          Thus, by Bernoulli we obtain:
          $$f'(t)=xt^{x-1}-yt^{y-1}=t^{y-1}left(xt^{x-y}-yright)geq$$
          $$geq t^{y-1}left(xy^{x-y}-yright)=t^{y-1}y^{x-y}left(x-y^{1-x+y}right)=$$
          $$=t^{y-1}y^{x-y}left(x-(1+(y-1))^{1-x+y}right)geq$$
          $$geq t^{y-1}y^{x-y}left(x-(1+(y-1)(1-x+y))right)=t^{y-1}y^{x-y}y(x-y)geq0,$$
          which gives $$f(x)geq f(y)$$ or
          $$x^x-x^ygeq y^x-y^y$$ or
          $$x^x+y^ygeq x^y+y^x$$ and we are done!






          share|cite|improve this answer












          Let $xgeq y$.



          We'll consider two cases.





          1. $xgeq1$.


          Hence, $$x^x+y^y=x^yleft(x^{x-y}-1right)+x^y+y^ygeq y^yleft(x^{x-y}-1right)+x^y+y^ygeq$$
          $$geq y^yleft(y^{x-y}-1right)+x^y+y^ygeq x^y+y^x.$$
          2. $1>xgeq y>0.$



          Let $f(t)=t^x-t^y$, where $tin[y,1).$



          Thus, by Bernoulli we obtain:
          $$f'(t)=xt^{x-1}-yt^{y-1}=t^{y-1}left(xt^{x-y}-yright)geq$$
          $$geq t^{y-1}left(xy^{x-y}-yright)=t^{y-1}y^{x-y}left(x-y^{1-x+y}right)=$$
          $$=t^{y-1}y^{x-y}left(x-(1+(y-1))^{1-x+y}right)geq$$
          $$geq t^{y-1}y^{x-y}left(x-(1+(y-1)(1-x+y))right)=t^{y-1}y^{x-y}y(x-y)geq0,$$
          which gives $$f(x)geq f(y)$$ or
          $$x^x-x^ygeq y^x-y^y$$ or
          $$x^x+y^ygeq x^y+y^x$$ and we are done!







          share|cite|improve this answer












          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer










          answered 2 days ago









          Michael Rozenberg

          94.2k1588183




          94.2k1588183






















              up vote
              0
              down vote













              Assume $xge y$ by symmetry. We want
              $$x^x-x^yge y^x-y^y.$$
              i.e. $$x^y(x^{x-y}-1)ge y^y(y^{x-y}-1),$$
              which is then easy to show by listing all possible cases according to how $x,y$ compare to 1.






              share|cite|improve this answer

























                up vote
                0
                down vote













                Assume $xge y$ by symmetry. We want
                $$x^x-x^yge y^x-y^y.$$
                i.e. $$x^y(x^{x-y}-1)ge y^y(y^{x-y}-1),$$
                which is then easy to show by listing all possible cases according to how $x,y$ compare to 1.






                share|cite|improve this answer























                  up vote
                  0
                  down vote










                  up vote
                  0
                  down vote









                  Assume $xge y$ by symmetry. We want
                  $$x^x-x^yge y^x-y^y.$$
                  i.e. $$x^y(x^{x-y}-1)ge y^y(y^{x-y}-1),$$
                  which is then easy to show by listing all possible cases according to how $x,y$ compare to 1.






                  share|cite|improve this answer












                  Assume $xge y$ by symmetry. We want
                  $$x^x-x^yge y^x-y^y.$$
                  i.e. $$x^y(x^{x-y}-1)ge y^y(y^{x-y}-1),$$
                  which is then easy to show by listing all possible cases according to how $x,y$ compare to 1.







                  share|cite|improve this answer












                  share|cite|improve this answer



                  share|cite|improve this answer










                  answered Jun 4 '13 at 11:38









                  Spook

                  2,2121033




                  2,2121033






















                      up vote
                      -3
                      down vote













                      Use induction, taking the base case x=0






                      share|cite|improve this answer

















                      • 3




                        This happens for all positive real number and induction clearly does not work nicely here.
                        – Viet Hoang Quoc
                        Jun 4 '13 at 11:29






                      • 2




                        This is wrong in the general case. @stancamp1, you may want to edit this answer or delete it in order to avoid downvotes.
                        – DonAntonio
                        Jun 4 '13 at 11:39















                      up vote
                      -3
                      down vote













                      Use induction, taking the base case x=0






                      share|cite|improve this answer

















                      • 3




                        This happens for all positive real number and induction clearly does not work nicely here.
                        – Viet Hoang Quoc
                        Jun 4 '13 at 11:29






                      • 2




                        This is wrong in the general case. @stancamp1, you may want to edit this answer or delete it in order to avoid downvotes.
                        – DonAntonio
                        Jun 4 '13 at 11:39













                      up vote
                      -3
                      down vote










                      up vote
                      -3
                      down vote









                      Use induction, taking the base case x=0






                      share|cite|improve this answer












                      Use induction, taking the base case x=0







                      share|cite|improve this answer












                      share|cite|improve this answer



                      share|cite|improve this answer










                      answered Jun 4 '13 at 11:21









                      stancamp1

                      1




                      1








                      • 3




                        This happens for all positive real number and induction clearly does not work nicely here.
                        – Viet Hoang Quoc
                        Jun 4 '13 at 11:29






                      • 2




                        This is wrong in the general case. @stancamp1, you may want to edit this answer or delete it in order to avoid downvotes.
                        – DonAntonio
                        Jun 4 '13 at 11:39














                      • 3




                        This happens for all positive real number and induction clearly does not work nicely here.
                        – Viet Hoang Quoc
                        Jun 4 '13 at 11:29






                      • 2




                        This is wrong in the general case. @stancamp1, you may want to edit this answer or delete it in order to avoid downvotes.
                        – DonAntonio
                        Jun 4 '13 at 11:39








                      3




                      3




                      This happens for all positive real number and induction clearly does not work nicely here.
                      – Viet Hoang Quoc
                      Jun 4 '13 at 11:29




                      This happens for all positive real number and induction clearly does not work nicely here.
                      – Viet Hoang Quoc
                      Jun 4 '13 at 11:29




                      2




                      2




                      This is wrong in the general case. @stancamp1, you may want to edit this answer or delete it in order to avoid downvotes.
                      – DonAntonio
                      Jun 4 '13 at 11:39




                      This is wrong in the general case. @stancamp1, you may want to edit this answer or delete it in order to avoid downvotes.
                      – DonAntonio
                      Jun 4 '13 at 11:39


















                       

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