Which of these numbers could be the exact number of elements of order $21$ in a group?












2












$begingroup$


I'm reading "Contemporary Abstract Algebra," by Gallian.



This is Exercise 4.46.




Which of the following numbers could be the exact number of elements of order $21$ in a group: $21600, 21602, 21604$?




My Attempt:




Lemma: In a finite group, the number of elements of order $d$ is a multiple of $varphi(d)$.




(This is a Corollary of Theorem 4.4 ibid.)



Since $varphi(21)=12$ and $12mid 21600$ but not the other two candidate numbers, the lemma above implies that $21600$ is the exact number of elements of order $21$ for some (finite) group.





I'm quite sure I got this right$^{dagger}$. I intuited the result, having forgotten the Lemma (well, Corollary) above.



This question is just so I can make note of it, really, but I suppose I could use the post to ask the following:




Is the assumption that the group is finite necessary?




My guess is that it's not. I have a rough idea of using a presentation with some free generators in such a way that it has the required number of order $21$ elements all within some finite subgroup (and no other such elements in the group given by the presentation).



Please help :)





Here $varphi$ is Euler's totient function.



$dagger$ The Dunning-Kruger effect in action . . . It's the right number, yeah, but, as pointed out below, I didn't show that such a group actually exists.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    I don't know if I'm being naive here, but if you had some infinite group $G$ and you were concerned about the possible precise number of elements of order $d$ that $G$ could have (given that the number of such elements is finite), could you not just consider $H$ to be the smallest subgroup of $G$ containing all elements of order $d$ (or even just the subgroup generated by the elements of order $d$) and then apply your lemma?
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Higgins
    Jan 15 at 15:03








  • 3




    $begingroup$
    @AdamHiggins $H$ is not necessarily finite: for example, if we take the group with presentation $langle a, b | a^{21}, b^{21}rangle$, then no finite (indeed, no proper) subgroup contains both $a$ and $b$.
    $endgroup$
    – user3482749
    Jan 15 at 15:04






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @AdamHiggins $H$ might still be infinite.
    $endgroup$
    – Lord Shark the Unknown
    Jan 15 at 15:04






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Thanks all! My bad!
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Higgins
    Jan 15 at 15:05






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    You also need to show an example to a group such that the number of elements of order $21$ is exactly $21600$. The lemma you cited only shows that the other two possibilities are wrong, it does not give you that the remaining one is surely right.
    $endgroup$
    – A. Pongrácz
    Jan 15 at 15:29
















2












$begingroup$


I'm reading "Contemporary Abstract Algebra," by Gallian.



This is Exercise 4.46.




Which of the following numbers could be the exact number of elements of order $21$ in a group: $21600, 21602, 21604$?




My Attempt:




Lemma: In a finite group, the number of elements of order $d$ is a multiple of $varphi(d)$.




(This is a Corollary of Theorem 4.4 ibid.)



Since $varphi(21)=12$ and $12mid 21600$ but not the other two candidate numbers, the lemma above implies that $21600$ is the exact number of elements of order $21$ for some (finite) group.





I'm quite sure I got this right$^{dagger}$. I intuited the result, having forgotten the Lemma (well, Corollary) above.



This question is just so I can make note of it, really, but I suppose I could use the post to ask the following:




Is the assumption that the group is finite necessary?




My guess is that it's not. I have a rough idea of using a presentation with some free generators in such a way that it has the required number of order $21$ elements all within some finite subgroup (and no other such elements in the group given by the presentation).



Please help :)





Here $varphi$ is Euler's totient function.



$dagger$ The Dunning-Kruger effect in action . . . It's the right number, yeah, but, as pointed out below, I didn't show that such a group actually exists.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    I don't know if I'm being naive here, but if you had some infinite group $G$ and you were concerned about the possible precise number of elements of order $d$ that $G$ could have (given that the number of such elements is finite), could you not just consider $H$ to be the smallest subgroup of $G$ containing all elements of order $d$ (or even just the subgroup generated by the elements of order $d$) and then apply your lemma?
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Higgins
    Jan 15 at 15:03








  • 3




    $begingroup$
    @AdamHiggins $H$ is not necessarily finite: for example, if we take the group with presentation $langle a, b | a^{21}, b^{21}rangle$, then no finite (indeed, no proper) subgroup contains both $a$ and $b$.
    $endgroup$
    – user3482749
    Jan 15 at 15:04






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @AdamHiggins $H$ might still be infinite.
    $endgroup$
    – Lord Shark the Unknown
    Jan 15 at 15:04






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Thanks all! My bad!
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Higgins
    Jan 15 at 15:05






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    You also need to show an example to a group such that the number of elements of order $21$ is exactly $21600$. The lemma you cited only shows that the other two possibilities are wrong, it does not give you that the remaining one is surely right.
    $endgroup$
    – A. Pongrácz
    Jan 15 at 15:29














2












2








2


1



$begingroup$


I'm reading "Contemporary Abstract Algebra," by Gallian.



This is Exercise 4.46.




Which of the following numbers could be the exact number of elements of order $21$ in a group: $21600, 21602, 21604$?




My Attempt:




Lemma: In a finite group, the number of elements of order $d$ is a multiple of $varphi(d)$.




(This is a Corollary of Theorem 4.4 ibid.)



Since $varphi(21)=12$ and $12mid 21600$ but not the other two candidate numbers, the lemma above implies that $21600$ is the exact number of elements of order $21$ for some (finite) group.





I'm quite sure I got this right$^{dagger}$. I intuited the result, having forgotten the Lemma (well, Corollary) above.



This question is just so I can make note of it, really, but I suppose I could use the post to ask the following:




Is the assumption that the group is finite necessary?




My guess is that it's not. I have a rough idea of using a presentation with some free generators in such a way that it has the required number of order $21$ elements all within some finite subgroup (and no other such elements in the group given by the presentation).



Please help :)





Here $varphi$ is Euler's totient function.



$dagger$ The Dunning-Kruger effect in action . . . It's the right number, yeah, but, as pointed out below, I didn't show that such a group actually exists.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




I'm reading "Contemporary Abstract Algebra," by Gallian.



This is Exercise 4.46.




Which of the following numbers could be the exact number of elements of order $21$ in a group: $21600, 21602, 21604$?




My Attempt:




Lemma: In a finite group, the number of elements of order $d$ is a multiple of $varphi(d)$.




(This is a Corollary of Theorem 4.4 ibid.)



Since $varphi(21)=12$ and $12mid 21600$ but not the other two candidate numbers, the lemma above implies that $21600$ is the exact number of elements of order $21$ for some (finite) group.





I'm quite sure I got this right$^{dagger}$. I intuited the result, having forgotten the Lemma (well, Corollary) above.



This question is just so I can make note of it, really, but I suppose I could use the post to ask the following:




Is the assumption that the group is finite necessary?




My guess is that it's not. I have a rough idea of using a presentation with some free generators in such a way that it has the required number of order $21$ elements all within some finite subgroup (and no other such elements in the group given by the presentation).



Please help :)





Here $varphi$ is Euler's totient function.



$dagger$ The Dunning-Kruger effect in action . . . It's the right number, yeah, but, as pointed out below, I didn't show that such a group actually exists.







group-theory finite-groups totient-function group-presentation






share|cite|improve this question















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited Jan 23 at 21:08







Shaun

















asked Jan 15 at 14:56









ShaunShaun

9,241113684




9,241113684








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    I don't know if I'm being naive here, but if you had some infinite group $G$ and you were concerned about the possible precise number of elements of order $d$ that $G$ could have (given that the number of such elements is finite), could you not just consider $H$ to be the smallest subgroup of $G$ containing all elements of order $d$ (or even just the subgroup generated by the elements of order $d$) and then apply your lemma?
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Higgins
    Jan 15 at 15:03








  • 3




    $begingroup$
    @AdamHiggins $H$ is not necessarily finite: for example, if we take the group with presentation $langle a, b | a^{21}, b^{21}rangle$, then no finite (indeed, no proper) subgroup contains both $a$ and $b$.
    $endgroup$
    – user3482749
    Jan 15 at 15:04






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @AdamHiggins $H$ might still be infinite.
    $endgroup$
    – Lord Shark the Unknown
    Jan 15 at 15:04






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Thanks all! My bad!
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Higgins
    Jan 15 at 15:05






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    You also need to show an example to a group such that the number of elements of order $21$ is exactly $21600$. The lemma you cited only shows that the other two possibilities are wrong, it does not give you that the remaining one is surely right.
    $endgroup$
    – A. Pongrácz
    Jan 15 at 15:29














  • 1




    $begingroup$
    I don't know if I'm being naive here, but if you had some infinite group $G$ and you were concerned about the possible precise number of elements of order $d$ that $G$ could have (given that the number of such elements is finite), could you not just consider $H$ to be the smallest subgroup of $G$ containing all elements of order $d$ (or even just the subgroup generated by the elements of order $d$) and then apply your lemma?
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Higgins
    Jan 15 at 15:03








  • 3




    $begingroup$
    @AdamHiggins $H$ is not necessarily finite: for example, if we take the group with presentation $langle a, b | a^{21}, b^{21}rangle$, then no finite (indeed, no proper) subgroup contains both $a$ and $b$.
    $endgroup$
    – user3482749
    Jan 15 at 15:04






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    @AdamHiggins $H$ might still be infinite.
    $endgroup$
    – Lord Shark the Unknown
    Jan 15 at 15:04






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    Thanks all! My bad!
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Higgins
    Jan 15 at 15:05






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    You also need to show an example to a group such that the number of elements of order $21$ is exactly $21600$. The lemma you cited only shows that the other two possibilities are wrong, it does not give you that the remaining one is surely right.
    $endgroup$
    – A. Pongrácz
    Jan 15 at 15:29








1




1




$begingroup$
I don't know if I'm being naive here, but if you had some infinite group $G$ and you were concerned about the possible precise number of elements of order $d$ that $G$ could have (given that the number of such elements is finite), could you not just consider $H$ to be the smallest subgroup of $G$ containing all elements of order $d$ (or even just the subgroup generated by the elements of order $d$) and then apply your lemma?
$endgroup$
– Adam Higgins
Jan 15 at 15:03






$begingroup$
I don't know if I'm being naive here, but if you had some infinite group $G$ and you were concerned about the possible precise number of elements of order $d$ that $G$ could have (given that the number of such elements is finite), could you not just consider $H$ to be the smallest subgroup of $G$ containing all elements of order $d$ (or even just the subgroup generated by the elements of order $d$) and then apply your lemma?
$endgroup$
– Adam Higgins
Jan 15 at 15:03






3




3




$begingroup$
@AdamHiggins $H$ is not necessarily finite: for example, if we take the group with presentation $langle a, b | a^{21}, b^{21}rangle$, then no finite (indeed, no proper) subgroup contains both $a$ and $b$.
$endgroup$
– user3482749
Jan 15 at 15:04




$begingroup$
@AdamHiggins $H$ is not necessarily finite: for example, if we take the group with presentation $langle a, b | a^{21}, b^{21}rangle$, then no finite (indeed, no proper) subgroup contains both $a$ and $b$.
$endgroup$
– user3482749
Jan 15 at 15:04




2




2




$begingroup$
@AdamHiggins $H$ might still be infinite.
$endgroup$
– Lord Shark the Unknown
Jan 15 at 15:04




$begingroup$
@AdamHiggins $H$ might still be infinite.
$endgroup$
– Lord Shark the Unknown
Jan 15 at 15:04




2




2




$begingroup$
Thanks all! My bad!
$endgroup$
– Adam Higgins
Jan 15 at 15:05




$begingroup$
Thanks all! My bad!
$endgroup$
– Adam Higgins
Jan 15 at 15:05




1




1




$begingroup$
You also need to show an example to a group such that the number of elements of order $21$ is exactly $21600$. The lemma you cited only shows that the other two possibilities are wrong, it does not give you that the remaining one is surely right.
$endgroup$
– A. Pongrácz
Jan 15 at 15:29




$begingroup$
You also need to show an example to a group such that the number of elements of order $21$ is exactly $21600$. The lemma you cited only shows that the other two possibilities are wrong, it does not give you that the remaining one is surely right.
$endgroup$
– A. Pongrácz
Jan 15 at 15:29










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















4












$begingroup$

There is no need to assume that $G$ is finite. For an arbitrary group $G$, and some fixed $n >0$, let $G_n$ be the set of elements of $G$ of (finite) order $n$. Then you can show that, for $g,h in G_n$, $g$ is a power of $h$ if and only if $h$ is a power of $g$, so "is a power of" is an equivalence relation on $G_n$, and all equivalence classes have size $phi(n)$.



So, in particular, if $G_n$ is finite, then $|G_n|$ is a multiple of $phi(n)$.



On the other hand, if $G_n$ is finite, then $C_G(G_n)$ has finite index in $G$, and I think that implies that $langle G_n rangle$ is finite.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$





















    1












    $begingroup$

    The thing missing from your argument: there is a group such that there are exactly $21600$ elements of order $21$, and it is not so easy to find one.



    Observe that $21600= 48cdot 450$.



    In $Z_7times Z_7$, there are $48$ elements of order $7$.



    In the nontrivial semidirect product $Z_{151}rtimes Z_3$, the possible orders of elements are $1,3$ and $151$, as $151$ is a prime, and the group is not cyclic. There is such a nontrivial semidirect product as $151equiv 1 pmod 3$.
    Elements of order $1$ and $151$ are exactly those in the normal subgroup of order $151$. Thus there are exactly $3cdot 150= 450$ elements of order $3$ in $Z_{151}rtimes Z_3$.



    Hence, in $(Z_7times Z_7)times (Z_{151}rtimes Z_3)$, there are exactly $21600$ elements of order $21$. (Think about it.)






    share|cite|improve this answer









    $endgroup$









    • 1




      $begingroup$
      It depends on which one is the normal subgroup. In my case, the thing on the left is the normal subgroup, so I had to use $rtimes$. (The triangle points towards the normal subgroup.)
      $endgroup$
      – A. Pongrácz
      Jan 15 at 15:53












    • $begingroup$
      (Sorry: I deleted my last comment once I saw you'd edited your answer.) Yes, that's how I remember it too; I still get them mixed up every once in a while :)
      $endgroup$
      – Shaun
      Jan 15 at 15:54











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    2 Answers
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    2 Answers
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    4












    $begingroup$

    There is no need to assume that $G$ is finite. For an arbitrary group $G$, and some fixed $n >0$, let $G_n$ be the set of elements of $G$ of (finite) order $n$. Then you can show that, for $g,h in G_n$, $g$ is a power of $h$ if and only if $h$ is a power of $g$, so "is a power of" is an equivalence relation on $G_n$, and all equivalence classes have size $phi(n)$.



    So, in particular, if $G_n$ is finite, then $|G_n|$ is a multiple of $phi(n)$.



    On the other hand, if $G_n$ is finite, then $C_G(G_n)$ has finite index in $G$, and I think that implies that $langle G_n rangle$ is finite.






    share|cite|improve this answer











    $endgroup$


















      4












      $begingroup$

      There is no need to assume that $G$ is finite. For an arbitrary group $G$, and some fixed $n >0$, let $G_n$ be the set of elements of $G$ of (finite) order $n$. Then you can show that, for $g,h in G_n$, $g$ is a power of $h$ if and only if $h$ is a power of $g$, so "is a power of" is an equivalence relation on $G_n$, and all equivalence classes have size $phi(n)$.



      So, in particular, if $G_n$ is finite, then $|G_n|$ is a multiple of $phi(n)$.



      On the other hand, if $G_n$ is finite, then $C_G(G_n)$ has finite index in $G$, and I think that implies that $langle G_n rangle$ is finite.






      share|cite|improve this answer











      $endgroup$
















        4












        4








        4





        $begingroup$

        There is no need to assume that $G$ is finite. For an arbitrary group $G$, and some fixed $n >0$, let $G_n$ be the set of elements of $G$ of (finite) order $n$. Then you can show that, for $g,h in G_n$, $g$ is a power of $h$ if and only if $h$ is a power of $g$, so "is a power of" is an equivalence relation on $G_n$, and all equivalence classes have size $phi(n)$.



        So, in particular, if $G_n$ is finite, then $|G_n|$ is a multiple of $phi(n)$.



        On the other hand, if $G_n$ is finite, then $C_G(G_n)$ has finite index in $G$, and I think that implies that $langle G_n rangle$ is finite.






        share|cite|improve this answer











        $endgroup$



        There is no need to assume that $G$ is finite. For an arbitrary group $G$, and some fixed $n >0$, let $G_n$ be the set of elements of $G$ of (finite) order $n$. Then you can show that, for $g,h in G_n$, $g$ is a power of $h$ if and only if $h$ is a power of $g$, so "is a power of" is an equivalence relation on $G_n$, and all equivalence classes have size $phi(n)$.



        So, in particular, if $G_n$ is finite, then $|G_n|$ is a multiple of $phi(n)$.



        On the other hand, if $G_n$ is finite, then $C_G(G_n)$ has finite index in $G$, and I think that implies that $langle G_n rangle$ is finite.







        share|cite|improve this answer














        share|cite|improve this answer



        share|cite|improve this answer








        edited Jan 15 at 15:12

























        answered Jan 15 at 15:04









        Derek HoltDerek Holt

        53.7k53571




        53.7k53571























            1












            $begingroup$

            The thing missing from your argument: there is a group such that there are exactly $21600$ elements of order $21$, and it is not so easy to find one.



            Observe that $21600= 48cdot 450$.



            In $Z_7times Z_7$, there are $48$ elements of order $7$.



            In the nontrivial semidirect product $Z_{151}rtimes Z_3$, the possible orders of elements are $1,3$ and $151$, as $151$ is a prime, and the group is not cyclic. There is such a nontrivial semidirect product as $151equiv 1 pmod 3$.
            Elements of order $1$ and $151$ are exactly those in the normal subgroup of order $151$. Thus there are exactly $3cdot 150= 450$ elements of order $3$ in $Z_{151}rtimes Z_3$.



            Hence, in $(Z_7times Z_7)times (Z_{151}rtimes Z_3)$, there are exactly $21600$ elements of order $21$. (Think about it.)






            share|cite|improve this answer









            $endgroup$









            • 1




              $begingroup$
              It depends on which one is the normal subgroup. In my case, the thing on the left is the normal subgroup, so I had to use $rtimes$. (The triangle points towards the normal subgroup.)
              $endgroup$
              – A. Pongrácz
              Jan 15 at 15:53












            • $begingroup$
              (Sorry: I deleted my last comment once I saw you'd edited your answer.) Yes, that's how I remember it too; I still get them mixed up every once in a while :)
              $endgroup$
              – Shaun
              Jan 15 at 15:54
















            1












            $begingroup$

            The thing missing from your argument: there is a group such that there are exactly $21600$ elements of order $21$, and it is not so easy to find one.



            Observe that $21600= 48cdot 450$.



            In $Z_7times Z_7$, there are $48$ elements of order $7$.



            In the nontrivial semidirect product $Z_{151}rtimes Z_3$, the possible orders of elements are $1,3$ and $151$, as $151$ is a prime, and the group is not cyclic. There is such a nontrivial semidirect product as $151equiv 1 pmod 3$.
            Elements of order $1$ and $151$ are exactly those in the normal subgroup of order $151$. Thus there are exactly $3cdot 150= 450$ elements of order $3$ in $Z_{151}rtimes Z_3$.



            Hence, in $(Z_7times Z_7)times (Z_{151}rtimes Z_3)$, there are exactly $21600$ elements of order $21$. (Think about it.)






            share|cite|improve this answer









            $endgroup$









            • 1




              $begingroup$
              It depends on which one is the normal subgroup. In my case, the thing on the left is the normal subgroup, so I had to use $rtimes$. (The triangle points towards the normal subgroup.)
              $endgroup$
              – A. Pongrácz
              Jan 15 at 15:53












            • $begingroup$
              (Sorry: I deleted my last comment once I saw you'd edited your answer.) Yes, that's how I remember it too; I still get them mixed up every once in a while :)
              $endgroup$
              – Shaun
              Jan 15 at 15:54














            1












            1








            1





            $begingroup$

            The thing missing from your argument: there is a group such that there are exactly $21600$ elements of order $21$, and it is not so easy to find one.



            Observe that $21600= 48cdot 450$.



            In $Z_7times Z_7$, there are $48$ elements of order $7$.



            In the nontrivial semidirect product $Z_{151}rtimes Z_3$, the possible orders of elements are $1,3$ and $151$, as $151$ is a prime, and the group is not cyclic. There is such a nontrivial semidirect product as $151equiv 1 pmod 3$.
            Elements of order $1$ and $151$ are exactly those in the normal subgroup of order $151$. Thus there are exactly $3cdot 150= 450$ elements of order $3$ in $Z_{151}rtimes Z_3$.



            Hence, in $(Z_7times Z_7)times (Z_{151}rtimes Z_3)$, there are exactly $21600$ elements of order $21$. (Think about it.)






            share|cite|improve this answer









            $endgroup$



            The thing missing from your argument: there is a group such that there are exactly $21600$ elements of order $21$, and it is not so easy to find one.



            Observe that $21600= 48cdot 450$.



            In $Z_7times Z_7$, there are $48$ elements of order $7$.



            In the nontrivial semidirect product $Z_{151}rtimes Z_3$, the possible orders of elements are $1,3$ and $151$, as $151$ is a prime, and the group is not cyclic. There is such a nontrivial semidirect product as $151equiv 1 pmod 3$.
            Elements of order $1$ and $151$ are exactly those in the normal subgroup of order $151$. Thus there are exactly $3cdot 150= 450$ elements of order $3$ in $Z_{151}rtimes Z_3$.



            Hence, in $(Z_7times Z_7)times (Z_{151}rtimes Z_3)$, there are exactly $21600$ elements of order $21$. (Think about it.)







            share|cite|improve this answer












            share|cite|improve this answer



            share|cite|improve this answer










            answered Jan 15 at 15:48









            A. PongráczA. Pongrácz

            5,9531929




            5,9531929








            • 1




              $begingroup$
              It depends on which one is the normal subgroup. In my case, the thing on the left is the normal subgroup, so I had to use $rtimes$. (The triangle points towards the normal subgroup.)
              $endgroup$
              – A. Pongrácz
              Jan 15 at 15:53












            • $begingroup$
              (Sorry: I deleted my last comment once I saw you'd edited your answer.) Yes, that's how I remember it too; I still get them mixed up every once in a while :)
              $endgroup$
              – Shaun
              Jan 15 at 15:54














            • 1




              $begingroup$
              It depends on which one is the normal subgroup. In my case, the thing on the left is the normal subgroup, so I had to use $rtimes$. (The triangle points towards the normal subgroup.)
              $endgroup$
              – A. Pongrácz
              Jan 15 at 15:53












            • $begingroup$
              (Sorry: I deleted my last comment once I saw you'd edited your answer.) Yes, that's how I remember it too; I still get them mixed up every once in a while :)
              $endgroup$
              – Shaun
              Jan 15 at 15:54








            1




            1




            $begingroup$
            It depends on which one is the normal subgroup. In my case, the thing on the left is the normal subgroup, so I had to use $rtimes$. (The triangle points towards the normal subgroup.)
            $endgroup$
            – A. Pongrácz
            Jan 15 at 15:53






            $begingroup$
            It depends on which one is the normal subgroup. In my case, the thing on the left is the normal subgroup, so I had to use $rtimes$. (The triangle points towards the normal subgroup.)
            $endgroup$
            – A. Pongrácz
            Jan 15 at 15:53














            $begingroup$
            (Sorry: I deleted my last comment once I saw you'd edited your answer.) Yes, that's how I remember it too; I still get them mixed up every once in a while :)
            $endgroup$
            – Shaun
            Jan 15 at 15:54




            $begingroup$
            (Sorry: I deleted my last comment once I saw you'd edited your answer.) Yes, that's how I remember it too; I still get them mixed up every once in a while :)
            $endgroup$
            – Shaun
            Jan 15 at 15:54


















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