calculate the norm of the following operator on $mathbb{C}^2$












1












$begingroup$


It is well known that if $Ain mathcal{B}(F)$, then
$$|A|:=displaystylesup_{|x|=1}|Ax|.$$
and
$$omega(T):=displaystylesup_{|x|=1}|langle Ax, xrangle|,$$
where $F$ is a complex Hilbert space and $mathcal{B}(F)$ is the algebra of all bounded linear operators on $F$.




Consider the following operator on $mathbb{C}^2$
$$T=begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \ 0 & 1 end{pmatrix}.$$
I want to prove that
begin{align*}
omega(T)
&=supleft{||x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2|,;;(x,y)in mathbb{C}^2,;text{and};|x|^2+|y|^2=1 right}=tfrac{3}{2},
end{align*}

and
begin{align*}
|T|
&=supleft{sqrt{|x+y|^2+|y|^2},;;(x_1,x_2)in mathbb{C}^2,;text{and};|x|^2+|y|^2=1 right}=frac{sqrt{5}+1}{2}.
end{align*}




Attempt:
Clearly, for all $(x,y)in mathbb{C}^2$ such that $|x|^2+|y|^2=1$, we have
$$||x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2|leq frac12(|x|^2+|y|^2)+|x|^2+|y|^2=frac32.$$
Hence,
$$omega(T)leqfrac32.$$



To calculate $|T|$, I try to use the following result:
$$|T|=max{sqrt{lambda};;lambdain sigma(T^*T)},$$
where $sigma(A)$ denotes the spectrum of an operator $A$.



Clearly
$$T^*T=begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \ 1 & 2 end{pmatrix}.$$
Also
$$sigma(T^*T)={frac{sqrt{5}+3}{2},frac{3-sqrt{5}}{2}}.$$
Hence,
$$|T|^2=frac{sqrt{5}+3}{2}.$$










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Something is wrong here. The quantity $|x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2$ need not be real, so that the supremum does not exist.
    $endgroup$
    – Ben W
    Jan 21 at 20:13










  • $begingroup$
    @BenW Sorry I have edited my question.
    $endgroup$
    – Schüler
    Jan 21 at 20:17










  • $begingroup$
    Np. If $x=y=(1+i)/4$ then $|x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2=3/2$. That settles the first question. Can you do the second?
    $endgroup$
    – Ben W
    Jan 21 at 20:43










  • $begingroup$
    For the second, i try to solve it however i'm facing difficulties how can l start.
    $endgroup$
    – Schüler
    Jan 21 at 20:47










  • $begingroup$
    @BenW I think you should take $x=y=(1+i)/2$ Do you agree with me? Thanks
    $endgroup$
    – Schüler
    Jan 24 at 6:13
















1












$begingroup$


It is well known that if $Ain mathcal{B}(F)$, then
$$|A|:=displaystylesup_{|x|=1}|Ax|.$$
and
$$omega(T):=displaystylesup_{|x|=1}|langle Ax, xrangle|,$$
where $F$ is a complex Hilbert space and $mathcal{B}(F)$ is the algebra of all bounded linear operators on $F$.




Consider the following operator on $mathbb{C}^2$
$$T=begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \ 0 & 1 end{pmatrix}.$$
I want to prove that
begin{align*}
omega(T)
&=supleft{||x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2|,;;(x,y)in mathbb{C}^2,;text{and};|x|^2+|y|^2=1 right}=tfrac{3}{2},
end{align*}

and
begin{align*}
|T|
&=supleft{sqrt{|x+y|^2+|y|^2},;;(x_1,x_2)in mathbb{C}^2,;text{and};|x|^2+|y|^2=1 right}=frac{sqrt{5}+1}{2}.
end{align*}




Attempt:
Clearly, for all $(x,y)in mathbb{C}^2$ such that $|x|^2+|y|^2=1$, we have
$$||x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2|leq frac12(|x|^2+|y|^2)+|x|^2+|y|^2=frac32.$$
Hence,
$$omega(T)leqfrac32.$$



To calculate $|T|$, I try to use the following result:
$$|T|=max{sqrt{lambda};;lambdain sigma(T^*T)},$$
where $sigma(A)$ denotes the spectrum of an operator $A$.



Clearly
$$T^*T=begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \ 1 & 2 end{pmatrix}.$$
Also
$$sigma(T^*T)={frac{sqrt{5}+3}{2},frac{3-sqrt{5}}{2}}.$$
Hence,
$$|T|^2=frac{sqrt{5}+3}{2}.$$










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Something is wrong here. The quantity $|x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2$ need not be real, so that the supremum does not exist.
    $endgroup$
    – Ben W
    Jan 21 at 20:13










  • $begingroup$
    @BenW Sorry I have edited my question.
    $endgroup$
    – Schüler
    Jan 21 at 20:17










  • $begingroup$
    Np. If $x=y=(1+i)/4$ then $|x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2=3/2$. That settles the first question. Can you do the second?
    $endgroup$
    – Ben W
    Jan 21 at 20:43










  • $begingroup$
    For the second, i try to solve it however i'm facing difficulties how can l start.
    $endgroup$
    – Schüler
    Jan 21 at 20:47










  • $begingroup$
    @BenW I think you should take $x=y=(1+i)/2$ Do you agree with me? Thanks
    $endgroup$
    – Schüler
    Jan 24 at 6:13














1












1








1





$begingroup$


It is well known that if $Ain mathcal{B}(F)$, then
$$|A|:=displaystylesup_{|x|=1}|Ax|.$$
and
$$omega(T):=displaystylesup_{|x|=1}|langle Ax, xrangle|,$$
where $F$ is a complex Hilbert space and $mathcal{B}(F)$ is the algebra of all bounded linear operators on $F$.




Consider the following operator on $mathbb{C}^2$
$$T=begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \ 0 & 1 end{pmatrix}.$$
I want to prove that
begin{align*}
omega(T)
&=supleft{||x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2|,;;(x,y)in mathbb{C}^2,;text{and};|x|^2+|y|^2=1 right}=tfrac{3}{2},
end{align*}

and
begin{align*}
|T|
&=supleft{sqrt{|x+y|^2+|y|^2},;;(x_1,x_2)in mathbb{C}^2,;text{and};|x|^2+|y|^2=1 right}=frac{sqrt{5}+1}{2}.
end{align*}




Attempt:
Clearly, for all $(x,y)in mathbb{C}^2$ such that $|x|^2+|y|^2=1$, we have
$$||x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2|leq frac12(|x|^2+|y|^2)+|x|^2+|y|^2=frac32.$$
Hence,
$$omega(T)leqfrac32.$$



To calculate $|T|$, I try to use the following result:
$$|T|=max{sqrt{lambda};;lambdain sigma(T^*T)},$$
where $sigma(A)$ denotes the spectrum of an operator $A$.



Clearly
$$T^*T=begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \ 1 & 2 end{pmatrix}.$$
Also
$$sigma(T^*T)={frac{sqrt{5}+3}{2},frac{3-sqrt{5}}{2}}.$$
Hence,
$$|T|^2=frac{sqrt{5}+3}{2}.$$










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




It is well known that if $Ain mathcal{B}(F)$, then
$$|A|:=displaystylesup_{|x|=1}|Ax|.$$
and
$$omega(T):=displaystylesup_{|x|=1}|langle Ax, xrangle|,$$
where $F$ is a complex Hilbert space and $mathcal{B}(F)$ is the algebra of all bounded linear operators on $F$.




Consider the following operator on $mathbb{C}^2$
$$T=begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \ 0 & 1 end{pmatrix}.$$
I want to prove that
begin{align*}
omega(T)
&=supleft{||x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2|,;;(x,y)in mathbb{C}^2,;text{and};|x|^2+|y|^2=1 right}=tfrac{3}{2},
end{align*}

and
begin{align*}
|T|
&=supleft{sqrt{|x+y|^2+|y|^2},;;(x_1,x_2)in mathbb{C}^2,;text{and};|x|^2+|y|^2=1 right}=frac{sqrt{5}+1}{2}.
end{align*}




Attempt:
Clearly, for all $(x,y)in mathbb{C}^2$ such that $|x|^2+|y|^2=1$, we have
$$||x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2|leq frac12(|x|^2+|y|^2)+|x|^2+|y|^2=frac32.$$
Hence,
$$omega(T)leqfrac32.$$



To calculate $|T|$, I try to use the following result:
$$|T|=max{sqrt{lambda};;lambdain sigma(T^*T)},$$
where $sigma(A)$ denotes the spectrum of an operator $A$.



Clearly
$$T^*T=begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \ 1 & 2 end{pmatrix}.$$
Also
$$sigma(T^*T)={frac{sqrt{5}+3}{2},frac{3-sqrt{5}}{2}}.$$
Hence,
$$|T|^2=frac{sqrt{5}+3}{2}.$$







linear-algebra






share|cite|improve this question















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited Jan 23 at 19:00







Schüler

















asked Jan 21 at 20:07









SchülerSchüler

1,5391421




1,5391421








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Something is wrong here. The quantity $|x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2$ need not be real, so that the supremum does not exist.
    $endgroup$
    – Ben W
    Jan 21 at 20:13










  • $begingroup$
    @BenW Sorry I have edited my question.
    $endgroup$
    – Schüler
    Jan 21 at 20:17










  • $begingroup$
    Np. If $x=y=(1+i)/4$ then $|x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2=3/2$. That settles the first question. Can you do the second?
    $endgroup$
    – Ben W
    Jan 21 at 20:43










  • $begingroup$
    For the second, i try to solve it however i'm facing difficulties how can l start.
    $endgroup$
    – Schüler
    Jan 21 at 20:47










  • $begingroup$
    @BenW I think you should take $x=y=(1+i)/2$ Do you agree with me? Thanks
    $endgroup$
    – Schüler
    Jan 24 at 6:13














  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Something is wrong here. The quantity $|x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2$ need not be real, so that the supremum does not exist.
    $endgroup$
    – Ben W
    Jan 21 at 20:13










  • $begingroup$
    @BenW Sorry I have edited my question.
    $endgroup$
    – Schüler
    Jan 21 at 20:17










  • $begingroup$
    Np. If $x=y=(1+i)/4$ then $|x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2=3/2$. That settles the first question. Can you do the second?
    $endgroup$
    – Ben W
    Jan 21 at 20:43










  • $begingroup$
    For the second, i try to solve it however i'm facing difficulties how can l start.
    $endgroup$
    – Schüler
    Jan 21 at 20:47










  • $begingroup$
    @BenW I think you should take $x=y=(1+i)/2$ Do you agree with me? Thanks
    $endgroup$
    – Schüler
    Jan 24 at 6:13








1




1




$begingroup$
Something is wrong here. The quantity $|x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2$ need not be real, so that the supremum does not exist.
$endgroup$
– Ben W
Jan 21 at 20:13




$begingroup$
Something is wrong here. The quantity $|x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2$ need not be real, so that the supremum does not exist.
$endgroup$
– Ben W
Jan 21 at 20:13












$begingroup$
@BenW Sorry I have edited my question.
$endgroup$
– Schüler
Jan 21 at 20:17




$begingroup$
@BenW Sorry I have edited my question.
$endgroup$
– Schüler
Jan 21 at 20:17












$begingroup$
Np. If $x=y=(1+i)/4$ then $|x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2=3/2$. That settles the first question. Can you do the second?
$endgroup$
– Ben W
Jan 21 at 20:43




$begingroup$
Np. If $x=y=(1+i)/4$ then $|x|^2+yoverline{x}+|y|^2=3/2$. That settles the first question. Can you do the second?
$endgroup$
– Ben W
Jan 21 at 20:43












$begingroup$
For the second, i try to solve it however i'm facing difficulties how can l start.
$endgroup$
– Schüler
Jan 21 at 20:47




$begingroup$
For the second, i try to solve it however i'm facing difficulties how can l start.
$endgroup$
– Schüler
Jan 21 at 20:47












$begingroup$
@BenW I think you should take $x=y=(1+i)/2$ Do you agree with me? Thanks
$endgroup$
– Schüler
Jan 24 at 6:13




$begingroup$
@BenW I think you should take $x=y=(1+i)/2$ Do you agree with me? Thanks
$endgroup$
– Schüler
Jan 24 at 6:13










1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes


















1












$begingroup$

For the second, let's see why for all $z,winmathbb{C}$ with $|z|^2+|w|^2=1$ it is $sqrt{|z+w|^2+|w|^2}leq(sqrt{5}+1)/2$. Let $a=|z|, b=|y|inmathbb{R}$. It is obviously $sqrt{|z+w|^2+|w|^2}leqsqrt{1+2ab+b^2}$ while $a,b$ satisfy $a^2+b^2=1$. Now we can use Lagrange multipliers to solve a classical problem. I won't go into details, but it will work (at least a graph calculator says so).



Now let's see that there exist $z,winmathbb{C}$ such that $|z|^2+|w|^2=1$ and $sqrt{|z+w|^2+|w|^2}=(sqrt{5}+1)/2$. Rewrite this equivalently as $4(|z+w|^2+|w|^2)=6+2sqrt{5}$. This is equivalent to $2(|w|^2+2text{Re}(zoverline{w}))=1+sqrt{5}$. Now let $w$ be a real number, say $cin(0,1)$. Then we have that $2c^2+2ctext{Re}(z)=1+sqrt{5}$, hence $text{Re}(z)=frac{1+sqrt{5}-2c^2}{2c}$. Let for convenience $c$ be the solution to the equation $2t^2=1+sqrt{5}$ (it does indeed have a solution in $(0,1)$). Then $text{Re}(z)=0$. So now since $z$ is imaginary, it is $z=iy$ and $|z|=|y|$. solve $c^2+y^2=1$ for $y$ and note that it has a solution in $(0,1)$ too. the pair $(iy,c)inmathbb{C}^2$ makes this supremum a maximum.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    @Schüler are you familiar with the lagrange multipliers method?
    $endgroup$
    – JustDroppedIn
    Jan 22 at 20:16










  • $begingroup$
    @Schüler are you sure? I see that you're talking about spectra of operators in your edit, Lagrange multipliers is a standard calculus tool to maximize functions of several real variables.
    $endgroup$
    – JustDroppedIn
    Jan 23 at 18:41











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1 Answer
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active

oldest

votes








1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









1












$begingroup$

For the second, let's see why for all $z,winmathbb{C}$ with $|z|^2+|w|^2=1$ it is $sqrt{|z+w|^2+|w|^2}leq(sqrt{5}+1)/2$. Let $a=|z|, b=|y|inmathbb{R}$. It is obviously $sqrt{|z+w|^2+|w|^2}leqsqrt{1+2ab+b^2}$ while $a,b$ satisfy $a^2+b^2=1$. Now we can use Lagrange multipliers to solve a classical problem. I won't go into details, but it will work (at least a graph calculator says so).



Now let's see that there exist $z,winmathbb{C}$ such that $|z|^2+|w|^2=1$ and $sqrt{|z+w|^2+|w|^2}=(sqrt{5}+1)/2$. Rewrite this equivalently as $4(|z+w|^2+|w|^2)=6+2sqrt{5}$. This is equivalent to $2(|w|^2+2text{Re}(zoverline{w}))=1+sqrt{5}$. Now let $w$ be a real number, say $cin(0,1)$. Then we have that $2c^2+2ctext{Re}(z)=1+sqrt{5}$, hence $text{Re}(z)=frac{1+sqrt{5}-2c^2}{2c}$. Let for convenience $c$ be the solution to the equation $2t^2=1+sqrt{5}$ (it does indeed have a solution in $(0,1)$). Then $text{Re}(z)=0$. So now since $z$ is imaginary, it is $z=iy$ and $|z|=|y|$. solve $c^2+y^2=1$ for $y$ and note that it has a solution in $(0,1)$ too. the pair $(iy,c)inmathbb{C}^2$ makes this supremum a maximum.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    @Schüler are you familiar with the lagrange multipliers method?
    $endgroup$
    – JustDroppedIn
    Jan 22 at 20:16










  • $begingroup$
    @Schüler are you sure? I see that you're talking about spectra of operators in your edit, Lagrange multipliers is a standard calculus tool to maximize functions of several real variables.
    $endgroup$
    – JustDroppedIn
    Jan 23 at 18:41
















1












$begingroup$

For the second, let's see why for all $z,winmathbb{C}$ with $|z|^2+|w|^2=1$ it is $sqrt{|z+w|^2+|w|^2}leq(sqrt{5}+1)/2$. Let $a=|z|, b=|y|inmathbb{R}$. It is obviously $sqrt{|z+w|^2+|w|^2}leqsqrt{1+2ab+b^2}$ while $a,b$ satisfy $a^2+b^2=1$. Now we can use Lagrange multipliers to solve a classical problem. I won't go into details, but it will work (at least a graph calculator says so).



Now let's see that there exist $z,winmathbb{C}$ such that $|z|^2+|w|^2=1$ and $sqrt{|z+w|^2+|w|^2}=(sqrt{5}+1)/2$. Rewrite this equivalently as $4(|z+w|^2+|w|^2)=6+2sqrt{5}$. This is equivalent to $2(|w|^2+2text{Re}(zoverline{w}))=1+sqrt{5}$. Now let $w$ be a real number, say $cin(0,1)$. Then we have that $2c^2+2ctext{Re}(z)=1+sqrt{5}$, hence $text{Re}(z)=frac{1+sqrt{5}-2c^2}{2c}$. Let for convenience $c$ be the solution to the equation $2t^2=1+sqrt{5}$ (it does indeed have a solution in $(0,1)$). Then $text{Re}(z)=0$. So now since $z$ is imaginary, it is $z=iy$ and $|z|=|y|$. solve $c^2+y^2=1$ for $y$ and note that it has a solution in $(0,1)$ too. the pair $(iy,c)inmathbb{C}^2$ makes this supremum a maximum.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    @Schüler are you familiar with the lagrange multipliers method?
    $endgroup$
    – JustDroppedIn
    Jan 22 at 20:16










  • $begingroup$
    @Schüler are you sure? I see that you're talking about spectra of operators in your edit, Lagrange multipliers is a standard calculus tool to maximize functions of several real variables.
    $endgroup$
    – JustDroppedIn
    Jan 23 at 18:41














1












1








1





$begingroup$

For the second, let's see why for all $z,winmathbb{C}$ with $|z|^2+|w|^2=1$ it is $sqrt{|z+w|^2+|w|^2}leq(sqrt{5}+1)/2$. Let $a=|z|, b=|y|inmathbb{R}$. It is obviously $sqrt{|z+w|^2+|w|^2}leqsqrt{1+2ab+b^2}$ while $a,b$ satisfy $a^2+b^2=1$. Now we can use Lagrange multipliers to solve a classical problem. I won't go into details, but it will work (at least a graph calculator says so).



Now let's see that there exist $z,winmathbb{C}$ such that $|z|^2+|w|^2=1$ and $sqrt{|z+w|^2+|w|^2}=(sqrt{5}+1)/2$. Rewrite this equivalently as $4(|z+w|^2+|w|^2)=6+2sqrt{5}$. This is equivalent to $2(|w|^2+2text{Re}(zoverline{w}))=1+sqrt{5}$. Now let $w$ be a real number, say $cin(0,1)$. Then we have that $2c^2+2ctext{Re}(z)=1+sqrt{5}$, hence $text{Re}(z)=frac{1+sqrt{5}-2c^2}{2c}$. Let for convenience $c$ be the solution to the equation $2t^2=1+sqrt{5}$ (it does indeed have a solution in $(0,1)$). Then $text{Re}(z)=0$. So now since $z$ is imaginary, it is $z=iy$ and $|z|=|y|$. solve $c^2+y^2=1$ for $y$ and note that it has a solution in $(0,1)$ too. the pair $(iy,c)inmathbb{C}^2$ makes this supremum a maximum.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$



For the second, let's see why for all $z,winmathbb{C}$ with $|z|^2+|w|^2=1$ it is $sqrt{|z+w|^2+|w|^2}leq(sqrt{5}+1)/2$. Let $a=|z|, b=|y|inmathbb{R}$. It is obviously $sqrt{|z+w|^2+|w|^2}leqsqrt{1+2ab+b^2}$ while $a,b$ satisfy $a^2+b^2=1$. Now we can use Lagrange multipliers to solve a classical problem. I won't go into details, but it will work (at least a graph calculator says so).



Now let's see that there exist $z,winmathbb{C}$ such that $|z|^2+|w|^2=1$ and $sqrt{|z+w|^2+|w|^2}=(sqrt{5}+1)/2$. Rewrite this equivalently as $4(|z+w|^2+|w|^2)=6+2sqrt{5}$. This is equivalent to $2(|w|^2+2text{Re}(zoverline{w}))=1+sqrt{5}$. Now let $w$ be a real number, say $cin(0,1)$. Then we have that $2c^2+2ctext{Re}(z)=1+sqrt{5}$, hence $text{Re}(z)=frac{1+sqrt{5}-2c^2}{2c}$. Let for convenience $c$ be the solution to the equation $2t^2=1+sqrt{5}$ (it does indeed have a solution in $(0,1)$). Then $text{Re}(z)=0$. So now since $z$ is imaginary, it is $z=iy$ and $|z|=|y|$. solve $c^2+y^2=1$ for $y$ and note that it has a solution in $(0,1)$ too. the pair $(iy,c)inmathbb{C}^2$ makes this supremum a maximum.







share|cite|improve this answer












share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer










answered Jan 21 at 21:51









JustDroppedInJustDroppedIn

2,153420




2,153420












  • $begingroup$
    @Schüler are you familiar with the lagrange multipliers method?
    $endgroup$
    – JustDroppedIn
    Jan 22 at 20:16










  • $begingroup$
    @Schüler are you sure? I see that you're talking about spectra of operators in your edit, Lagrange multipliers is a standard calculus tool to maximize functions of several real variables.
    $endgroup$
    – JustDroppedIn
    Jan 23 at 18:41


















  • $begingroup$
    @Schüler are you familiar with the lagrange multipliers method?
    $endgroup$
    – JustDroppedIn
    Jan 22 at 20:16










  • $begingroup$
    @Schüler are you sure? I see that you're talking about spectra of operators in your edit, Lagrange multipliers is a standard calculus tool to maximize functions of several real variables.
    $endgroup$
    – JustDroppedIn
    Jan 23 at 18:41
















$begingroup$
@Schüler are you familiar with the lagrange multipliers method?
$endgroup$
– JustDroppedIn
Jan 22 at 20:16




$begingroup$
@Schüler are you familiar with the lagrange multipliers method?
$endgroup$
– JustDroppedIn
Jan 22 at 20:16












$begingroup$
@Schüler are you sure? I see that you're talking about spectra of operators in your edit, Lagrange multipliers is a standard calculus tool to maximize functions of several real variables.
$endgroup$
– JustDroppedIn
Jan 23 at 18:41




$begingroup$
@Schüler are you sure? I see that you're talking about spectra of operators in your edit, Lagrange multipliers is a standard calculus tool to maximize functions of several real variables.
$endgroup$
– JustDroppedIn
Jan 23 at 18:41


















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